History of the Non

Introduction Non profit organizations have always been considered as voluntary organizations that are officiated by private contributions. They are also regarded as silent contributors to the welfare of the public as well as the personal interests of individuals in society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Non-Profit Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main difference between non-profit and profit organizations is that profit organizations core obligation is to gross income and reallocate assessable wealth to the workforce as well as the shareholders while non-profit organizations core obligation is to provide self-beneficial and self preservation programs and services. Consequently it is common to find volunteer human resources as well as volunteer executives who perform various roles without receiving any form of reparation. Charitable organizations, trade unions, public arts organizations as well as several other governments and government agencies all form examples of non-profit organizations which are sometimes referred as not-for-profit organizations. Due to the self-interest goals perpetuated by these organizations as well as their role in society, most nations choose to exempt NPOs from revenue and property duty since the governments fail to execute or enforce policies proposed by the NPOs. In essence, non-profit organizations are able to make a profit which is referred to as surplus and calculated at the end of every fiscal year; these earnings are retained as working capital for the internal mechanisms of the organization as well as further expansion plans rather than being distributed as dividend, shares or debentures. In most cases, NPOs use the surplus funds to hire new staff, reward the internal corporate leadership through bonuses and benefits. The mid- level management staff along with the entire human resource of the NPOs also receive incentives at the end of the year through the surplus funds. This essay aims at discussing the history of non profit organizations as well as the transformations that have taken place in the organizations over the years. A history of Non profit organizations According to Kranshinsky (1996), the non profit sector has existed in Europe and the United States since the eighteenth century though the organizations have only recently become prominent and a widely accepted aspect of the western society. The organizations’ initial operation system was strictly for charitable reasons meaning the non profit organizations in the 18th and 19th centuries never carried out business transactions. The non profit organizations of the early period depended entirely on funds donated by the financiers (Morris, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A survey in America revealed that there were slightly m ore than 12,000 charitable tax-exempt organizations that had no religious support while currently more than half a million of such organizations exist in America alone(Hammack, 2002). The department of trade was initially responsible for authorizing non profit organizations on behalf of the government though congress and state legislatures were later given that mandate as well as the power to establish which sort of non-profit organizations meet the requirements to be excused from paying taxes. In the 1960s, there was a rise in the number of non profit organizations in third world countries as an increasing number of communities were identified as needy either through education, food, clothing or shelter (Hammack, 2002). As a consequence, the number of NPOs in South America, Africa and Asia almost doubled in a span of less than ten years (Kranshinsky, 1996). In addition, the discovery of fatal untreatable diseases such as AIDS, Ebola, and cancer among other diseases acted as a catal yst for the augmentation of NPOs that sought to research on specific diseases and provide a cure or disease management programs (Morris, 2000). Affluent members of the public were encouraged to provide support and promote several other non profit organizations (Powell Steinberg, 2006). The responsibility of NPOs is basically to provide social services and attend to the requirements of a community such poverty, unemployment, and relief. Therefore the increasing number of non profit organizations is an indicator that the number of people that depend on non-profit organizations for aid and relief is greater than before (Morris, 2000). With reference to Morris (2000), the management and governance of non profit organizations has undergone constant transformation since their inception. Initially, NPOs were not allowed to have members and hence were made up of a self governing board that controlled all the operations of the organizations. The NPOs were permitted to function as trusts hen ce activities such decision-making by the management, conflicts of interest and self-dealing were strictly prohibited (Kranshinsky, 1996). The implementation of the American Bar Association’s Model Nonstock Corporation Statute by the United States in the late 20th century expanded the jurisdiction of NPOs as far as permissible activities were concerned. According to Hammack (2002), the most notable change during this period was the modification of the fiduciary standard from one of â€Å"trust† to a â€Å"business† standard, and hence non profit organizations were permitted to have members basically function similar to for-profit organizations (Powell Steinberg, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Non-Profit Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The change in standard was significant since in actual fact made dissimilarities between nonprofit and for-profit institutions vague enough for the two types of organizations to have almost similar operational systems. Consequently, the legal description of a nonprofit organization has also been stretched out to consist of any activity or entity that does not entail the sharing of surplus profit in the form of dividends (Morris, 2000). Legislatures have been instrumental in altering the definition as well as the roles, tasks, and authority of nonprofit organizations in an attempt by the government to settle legal expansions with existing social and economic activities (Kranshinsky, 1996). The late twentieth century brought about fresh perspectives and ideologies that were viewed to have the potential to facilitate NPOs in realizing their corporate objectives more successfully through the application of various structures that were intended for profit organizations (Salamon Anheier, 1996). Some of the proposed changes are effective internal management, enhanced accountability for all levels of the organizat ion and performance screen of the various departments or tasks so as to utilize the human and financial resources available(Powell Steinberg, 2006). Such transformational changes necessitate a change in management and the general operation of the organization leading to the running of NPOs as for-profit organizations (Morris, 2000). Non profit organization Values The Non profit organizations have operated under different value systems since their inception though there are two values which seem to stand out through out the history of nonprofits and have been found to be also applicable in the current situation (Morris, 2000). These values are: Justification of public good and utility, and public representation. Discussing the values; will give insight to the historical transition NPOs have undergone as well as understand the fundamental responsibilities of NPOs (Salamon Anheier, 1996). Justification of public good and utility This value according to Drucker deals with providing an outline to the correlation of nonprofit organizations to the requirements and principles of the society (Drucker, 1990). Basically the value entails offering transparency in relation to the functions of the organization, the responsibility of the organization to community in addition to the way the needs of society have changed over time (Hammack, 2002). In addition, the value directs the leadership of the organization on how to endorse the excellence of the organization to the public as well as the level of association required when relating to sponsors, administration units as well as other influential bodies in order to evenly distribute clout (Salamon Anheier, 1996). This value essentially provokes the organizational leadership to work as guides to society in order to easily identify and resolve pertinent issues.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The value of public representation This value is concerned with the subject of diversity and stakeholder management. In addition this value also deals with the individuals and the means liable of classifying relations between nonprofit organizations and the society (Drucker, 1990). The identity of stakeholders also comes into focus under this value where the individuality and the different perspectives of the stakeholders have to be clear in order to provide guidance and direction to the NPOs (Salamon Anheier, 1996). Public representation is not the same as factual representation by stakeholders neither is it a representative structure, despite the fact that both positions may be applied by a particular organization (Drucker, 1990). This value was put in place to provoke the leadership; to insure that the different points of view that exemplify the organization’s community are accessible by the organization and exploration of the perceptions also takes place. Hammack (2002) asserts that the organization should seek to nurture evocative diversity among its members and subjects rather than have an analogous discernment from its members. Theories regarding the establishment of nonprofit organizations The theories about the creation of NPOs are based on the conventional perception of a rational choice where commonly available goods and services are the most prominent factor. There are several different theories that attempt to explain the history of non-profit organizations as well as their ability to meet the society’s demand for public goods. The theory of the (Market / State) Failure is the most outstanding theory and the naissance requirement of this theory is the supposition that the operation of market is imperfect since performing markets have several deficits which prevent the saturation of all the needs in society(Kranshinsky, 1996). In addition, societies prefer to acquire public goods for free hence the production of public goods is not p rofitable and consequently there is a shortage of market subjects. Usually the state or the public administration in democratic systems intervene by paying for the goods through the public budget as long as the majority of voters agree to the production of particular public goods(Powell Steinberg, 2006). Whereas only a minority agrees, production of public goods ceases leading to the prevalence of numerous unsaturated needs and demands on public goods. Consequently, NPOs start being established to provide services and goods that neither state nor market is able to provide to society. Theory of Confidence is another hypothesis that argues that the establishment of NPOs is due to failures of the market in creating reliable environment for implementing trade (Morris, 2000). According to Salamon Anheier (1996), the low circulation of information regarding the quality of goods and services from the supplier breeds mistrust and low confidence on the goods and services leading to contrac tual failure. According to Powell Steinberg (2006), the consumer as a result tends to go for NPOs since they do not operate with the aim of making excessive profit and therefore it is improbable they would try to deceive the consumer. The final supposition is the Welfare State Theory which according to Kranshinsky (1996) significantly alters the scholarly view regarding the importance of NPOs in society. This theory classifies NPOs as pre-modern systems vital for resolving social problems (Drucker, 1990). NPOs under such circumstances normally arise in conventional society sine its inception, where there is no public administration or the administration is not yet completely developed to function effectively (Powell Steinberg, 2006). The industrialization and state social policy, however, brought about several changes that greatly reduced the significance of NPOs since the state and government took on most of the responsibilities previously held by NPOs. It is this development tha t led scholars to assume that NPOs might gradually fade away especially after the improvement of the public administration. Deeper scrutiny of this theory by Powell Steinberg (2006) reveals the implications as well as the reasons of the establishment and incessant subsistence of NPOs in the contemporary modern environment is mainly a common practice rather than the failure of state to perform accordingly through the imperfections identified in the services provided by the state (Morris, 2000). To the contrast, it is to a certain extent the deficiency of state or else the fact that the duties of the state are still not yet fully effective that has led to the emergence and continuous existence of NPOs (Kranshinsky, 1996). The final view is that in the fields where the state has already taken a fundamental role, it succeeds in providing for communities and is even more effective than NPOs in affording services (Salamon Anheier, 1996). Consequently, the expansion of the supporting rol e of the state and the effectiveness of the state in dispensing its duties is likely to place the state ahead of other organizations in the public eye and hence slowly NPOs will be replaced by the state in the community and public support fields. Conclusion The global nonprofit sector altogether has a wide historical facet that has played a critical role in establishing the mandate of NPOs currently in operation. The state and federal laws have changed over time and the amendment of these laws has constantly identified the roles to be played by both nonprofit firms as well as nonprofit organizations and the laws have also determined the type of leadership and membership the organizations will have. The laws on the other hand have been influenced by factors such as conflicts of individual freedom, the position of the government on NPOs, the position of different religious groups, races, social customs, income groups, gender, as well as the availability and demand of public goods and services. The clear position however is that the number of NPOs have increased through out history with the total number of nonprofit employees in the U.S. workforce for instance having grown from 0.7% to 1.4% in the early 20th century and from 3% in the mid 20th century to 9% at the turn of the 21st century. The main reason for such an increase in the staff and capacity of NPOs has been the emerging and expanding public needs through out the world. For instance, education in the early 1900 was not a priority and hence no NPOs were involved in providing education to the community. In addition, the gradual increase in the government’s financial support to the sector, increase in consumer wealth as well as the amendments done on individual rights have helped the NPO sector to secure its role in the society. References Drucker, P. (1990). Managing the Non-Profit Organization: Practices and Principles. New York: HarperCollins. Hammack, D. (2002). Nonprofit Organizations in Americ an History. American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 45, No. 11, 1638-1674. Kranshinsky, M. (1996). Transaction Costs and a Theory of the Nonprofit Organization. In: Rose-Ackerman Susan. The Economics of Nonprofit Institutions. New York: Oxford University Press. Morris, S. (2000). Defining the Nonprofit Sector: Some Lessons from History. International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, Vol.11, No. 1, pp. 25-43. Powell, W. and Steinberg, R. (2006). The nonprofit sector: a research handbook. Web. Salamon, L. and Anheier, H. (1996). Social origins of civil society: Explaining the nonprofit sector cross-nationally. Web. This essay on History of the Non-Profit Sector was written and submitted by user Raphael Watts to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Diplomatic Relations

The Diplomatic and consular relations are designed in the Vienna Conventions of 1961 and 1963. Both relations have many similarities, but also there are differences between them. Diplomatic relations are more formal and are between states, take place between diplomats of two or more states. On the other hand, consular relations are generally in citizen level, as consulates are established by one state in another state for the purpose of dealing with the affairs of its citizens traveling or residing there. Consulate An office established by one state in an important city of another state for the purpose of supporting and protecting its citizens travelling or residing there. In addition, these offices are charges with performing other important administrative duties such as issuing visas (where this is required) to host country nationals wishing to travel to the country the consulate represents. All consulates, whether located in the capital city or in other communities, are administratively under the ambassador and the embassy. In addition to carrying out their consular duties, they often serve as branch offices for the embassy, supporting, for example, the latter’s political and economic responsibilities. Consulates are expected to play a particularly significant role in connection with the promotion of their own country’s exports and other commercial activities. Officers performing consular duties are known as consuls or, if more junior, vice consuls. The chief of the consulate i s known as the consul. Diplomatic Immunity Diplomatic immunity is a principle of international law by which certain foreign government officials are not subject to the jurisdiction of local courts and other authorities. The concept of immunity began with ancient tribes. In order to exchange information, messengers were allowed to travel from tribe to tribe without fear of harm. They were protected even when they brought bad news. Today, immunity protec... Free Essays on Diplomatic Relations Free Essays on Diplomatic Relations The Diplomatic and consular relations are designed in the Vienna Conventions of 1961 and 1963. Both relations have many similarities, but also there are differences between them. Diplomatic relations are more formal and are between states, take place between diplomats of two or more states. On the other hand, consular relations are generally in citizen level, as consulates are established by one state in another state for the purpose of dealing with the affairs of its citizens traveling or residing there. Consulate An office established by one state in an important city of another state for the purpose of supporting and protecting its citizens travelling or residing there. In addition, these offices are charges with performing other important administrative duties such as issuing visas (where this is required) to host country nationals wishing to travel to the country the consulate represents. All consulates, whether located in the capital city or in other communities, are administratively under the ambassador and the embassy. In addition to carrying out their consular duties, they often serve as branch offices for the embassy, supporting, for example, the latter’s political and economic responsibilities. Consulates are expected to play a particularly significant role in connection with the promotion of their own country’s exports and other commercial activities. Officers performing consular duties are known as consuls or, if more junior, vice consuls. The chief of the consulate i s known as the consul. Diplomatic Immunity Diplomatic immunity is a principle of international law by which certain foreign government officials are not subject to the jurisdiction of local courts and other authorities. The concept of immunity began with ancient tribes. In order to exchange information, messengers were allowed to travel from tribe to tribe without fear of harm. They were protected even when they brought bad news. Today, immunity protec...

State and federal law in the United States Essay

State and federal law in the United States - Essay Example Starbucks’ public image as a company committed to fair trade and labor practice is unequivocally false.   As Zielinski (1995) explains, Starbucks directly purchased approximately 40% of its coffee beans from Guatemalan coffee plantation.   This is especially significant because the labor conditions on these plantations borders on slavery.   Workers are paid 2 cents per pound of coffee while Starbucks sells it for $9.   In addition, these plantations do not abide by the minimum health or safety requirements and use child laborers.   At a time when large corporations are refusing to deal with these plantations, Starbucks not only relies on them for a significant percentage of its coffee but denies any responsibility for the continued exploitation of Guatemalan coffee laborers (Zielinski, 1995).Following the extremely negative press Starbucks received in the wake of the media’s exposition of its participation in exploitative labor, its company invested millions o f dollars in improving its public image.   As Irving (2006) points out, the Starbucks publicity machine presents an image of the company as one which is fundamentally committed to fair labor practices.   This is nothing but a myth, an empty slogan. The facts indicate that not only has Starbucks maintained its relationship with Guatemalan plantations whose workers are underpaid, denied health coverage and   a safe work environment but it further relies on off-shore prison labor for the packaging of its coffee.  ... As Irving (2006) points out, the Starbucks publicity machine presents an image of the company as one which is fundamentally committed to fair labor practices. This is nothing but a myth, an empty slogan. The facts indicate that not only has Starbucks maintained its relationship with Guatemalan plantations whose workers are underpaid, denied health coverage and a safe work environment but it further relies on off-shore prison labor for the packaging of its coffee and other products. Indeed, available facts and figures indicate that a minimum of 24.5% of the company's coffee is purchased from sources which practice exploitative labor and which often use child and prison labor as well (Irving, 2006). As far as Starbucks is concerned, the bottom line is not fair labor or ethical business practices but profit margins. Starbucks' relations with its on-site employees further evidence its failure to adhere to fair labor practices. Hayes (2004) explains that according to federal law, overtime is defined as anything which exceeds 40 hours, while several states define overtime as anything in excess of 9 hours per working day. The receipt of overtime pay, however, is conditioned where managers are concerned. Quite simply stated, managers are not paid overtime for work which falls within their immediate job description and constitutes part of their managerial responsibilities because the law assumes that they should complete their work on time (Hayes, 2004). In direct relation to Starbucks, the evidence shows that it is overworking its employees and that its managers do work overtime on tasks which do not constitute part of their job description. Yet, in direct violation of state and federal laws, Starbucks refuses to pay its employees

E learning Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

E learning - Thesis Example The people in the country mainly follow the culture of Sunni Muslims, which directly resembles with Islamic values and beliefs. The economy of the country has also been on a continuous growth spree over the years owing to the commendable growth in the business sector. E-learning has been a particular domain that has focused towards implementing internet as means of educating people. In Saudi Arabia, the government is largely focused towards using internet extensively in the primary educational sector. The increase in internet in academic purpose has been seen from the year 2007 in Saudi Arabia. Its use can be visualized in primary as well as secondary educational sector of the country. The findings of the study were deemed to be in alignment with the predetermined objectives of the research study which are further discussed in detail hereunder. The study has certain predetermined questions that need to be answered based upon the needs of the study. It is quite apparent that the research study has been conducted with the intention of depicting the problems of e-learning in Saudi Arabia especially in the domain of primary schools. The research study has also aimed at depicting the impact of both financial and technical problems with regards to the growth of the educational sector in Saudi Arabia especially in the domain of primary public schools of the nation. The objectives of this particular research study have been provided in detail hereunder. The objective of this particular research study is to determine the barriers experienced by primary public schools in Saudi Arabia when adopting e-learning. With this objective in mind, several research questions are framed below: In order to provide comprehensive set of answers for the research questions framed above, proper set of research objectives have been ascertained in this particular research study. However,

Outline the Soviet Union's response to the rise of fascism in the Essay

Outline the Soviet Union's response to the rise of fascism in the 1930s and explain the signing of the MolotovRibbentrop Pact - Essay Example As a member of the League, Moscow participated in the imposition of sanctions on Italy after Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia in October 1935 (Parker, 1974, pp. 293-332), and called for action against Hitler's invasion of the Rhineland in March 1936. In contrast, following Hitler's election in 1933, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations and began to rearm. Throughout the 1930s, Berlin embarked on an aggressive foreign policy which included marching into the Rhineland, intervening almost immediately in the Spanish Civil War, declaring the Anschluss in March 1938, and threatening invasion of the Czech Sudetenland by September. During this period, the British public also learnt of the persecution of the Jews and other minorities within Germany. What was known about Stalin's purges was equally abhorrent. Yet, much had occurred to suggest to any objective observer of the international situation that Nazi Germany was in fact Britain's greatest threat. Despite this, members of the Conservative Party in particular continued to 'believe Nazis on the whole are more conservative than communists and socialists'. On Aug. 23, 1939 Adolf Hitler and Josef Stalin agreed to what became known as the Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact. With that, Stalin made World War II possible. Assured that he was protected from Soviet counter-aggression in the East, Hitler invaded Poland a week later, Sept. 1. (Beichman, 1999, 19) The signal that something was up between the two totalitarian powers had come some four months earlier but European chancelleries overlooked it. For on May 3, 1939 came the startling news that the Soviet Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov had resigned "at his own request." Litvinov, of Jewish origin and strongly anti-Nazi, had been replaced by Vyacheslav Molotov. His ethnic origins would not embarrass Hitler in dealing with communists. Until the official announcement of the Nazi-Soviet pact, few believed such an agreement possible, especially the Communist Party leaders in the United States and the rest of the world - because the Soviet Union had posed as the dedicated leader in the fight against fascism. When Berlin and Moscow announced on Aug. 20, 1939 the signing of a trade treaty and newspaper dispatches began hinting about a further strategic alliance, communist spokesmen denounced such speculation as fascist in inspiration. They had every reason to disbelieve such a story because, after all, the Comintern line the world over was to seek a united front with the democratic West against fascism in the name of "collective security." Ignored was the editorial in Pravda Aug. 21 that the trade treaty "could be a serious step toward a further improvement of relations, not only economic but also political, between the USSR and Germany." But newspaper speculation about the Nazi-Soviet alliance turned out to be correct. From Soviet archives we have now learned that on Aug. 19, 1939, Stalin told the Soviet Politburo that if a world war should follow a Nazi-Soviet pact it would only serve to strengthen Communist Parties in France and Britain. Stalin then accepted Hitler's suggestion that a German delegation

Harmful Traditions in Nigerian Society

Harmful Traditions in Nigerian Society UKWAMEDUA LAWRETTA IFUNANYA WHAT IS META COGNITION IN SOCIAL STUDIES? USING 3 EXAMPLES EXPLAIN THE SOCIAL STUDIES PROBLEM SOLVING PROPCESSES Meta cognition is the higher order thinking which involve active control over thinking processes involved in learning. It refers to the process by which people’s knowledge controls their thinking and learning activities (It involves â€Å"thinking about thinking†). It can also be defined as thinking about one’s thinking i.e. it involves the process of stepping back to see what you are doing, as if you were someone else observing it. Meta cognitive activities helps people especially students to reflect on what they know, care about and are able to develop an awareness of themselves, and it gives them opportunity to reflect on their learning because it is often difficult for them to realize what they are doing. Meta cognition is also the ability to manage one’s own thinking processes. Problem solving refers to the process by which difficult issues are tackled and solved whereby doing this the causes, solution and prevention to the problems are known. Inn problem solving, we need to use THE RARE CONCEPT as a guide for us to know what we are doing. For instance, the present fuel scarcity; the government need to think of what they can RAISE up in order for the productivity of petrol to be constant; the need to think about what they can ADD in order for the refineries to be in good conditions and work effectively which can make life easier; they also need to think of what they can REDUCE i.e. those things that are not relevant to the production of fuel, they need to think of those factors that leads to time wasting and finally they need to think of what to ELIMINATE in terms of bad habits, the bad habit of hoarding fuel for personal use or the habit of using the resources meant for the production of fuel. If all these factors are put in place, the problem of fuel scarcity will be averted. LIST AND EXPLAIN WITH EXAMPLES 5 NEGATIVE BEHAVIOUR AND 5 HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRATICES THAT NEED TO BE CHANGED IN THE PRESENT DAY NIGERIAN SOCIETY 5 NEGATIVE BEHAVIOUR ARE: CULTISM: Cultism has to do with belonging to a secret cult and practicing cult activities which involves performing rituals, killing, fighting, strange oath talking, rape, etc. Cultism is a negative behavior which is rampant in tertiary institutions today, they usually attack, intimidate and kill both lecturers and students, destroy school property. Members are mainly truants that do not take their education seriously, thereby performing poorly and expecting to pass by intimidating lecturers and students. Therefore, in order for us to be alive, productive and useful in life, we should not indulge or belong to secret cults. DISREGARD FOR TIME: This is another negative behavior of our people. Nigerians do not keep to time. They disregard time. No matter how important a program, meeting or event is. For instance, if a meeting is scheduled for 9.00am, by 10:00am or 10:30am, the meeting may not have started because they believe in their so-called â€Å"African Time†. This is bad because lateness leads to inefficiency in our activities. DRUG TRAFFICKING: This is a globally illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of substances which are subject to prohibition. Drug traffickers are many in Nigeria and many of them peddle hard drugs like cocaine, heroin and marijuana. These drugs contribute to many crimes because as traffickers increase in numbers, users and abusers also increase. Many of our youths have been made useless and some wasted as a result of drug trafficking. ETHNICISM OR TRIBALISM-DISCRIMINATION AMONG ETHNIC GROUPS: Our country, Nigeria is made up of many ethnic groups and these ethnic groups have different languages but all these ethnic groups makeup the nation called Nigeria. Nigeria adopted a common language known as English from her colonial master to be used as a common language by all the ethnic groups as one country. The three major tribes which are Igbo, Yoruba and Hausa, discriminate in the offer of employment, appointment, admission, distribution of resources, governance (who produces the president). Some believe they are born-to-rule and be in power all y=the time, that’s why they choose and rotate leadership among families, the same tribe and religion. EXAMINATION MALPRATICES: This is seen in the behavior of all categories of students (primary school to tertiary institutions). There are cases where primary school pupils are given assistances in form of cheating to pass their examinations e.g. common entrance, by their teachers due to the money paid by their parents. Secondary school students do not register for external examinations in most public schools, instead, they register with huge sums of money in special centers. These centers are known as ‘miracles centers’ where examinations are made easy; parents, principals or proprietors of schools, invigilators and officers of examination bodies collide and perpetrate the crime for money and this has now become a culture in our society. 5 HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRATICES ARE: a. MALTREATMENT OF WIDOWS: In most communities in Nigeria, widows are given harsh treatment and conditions. When a woman lose her husband, she may be made to cut her hair, put on white cloth or black cloth for a year after the death of her husband, made to remain indoors and should not visit friends or go to market for some months. She may be forced to drink water used in bathing the dead body of her husband. Besides, the property of the husband i.e. land etc. is sometimes taken away from the widow by relations of the dead husband leaving the widow and her children to suffer. Sometimes, they are forced out of their husband’s house but all these depends on the custom and community in place. b. PREFERENCE FOR MALE CHILDREN: In the olden days, female children were not recognized because they believed training her in school was a waste because she will still have to end up in the kitchen, so only male children were given preference and recognition in the family. Discrimination in training of children in our communities is harmful, so therefore equal education should be given to both sexes (male or female). c. CIRCUMCISION: This refers to the removal of some parts of the body organ either male or female circumcision is practiced in most communities of their world but female circumcision is common. Some part of the female genital organ removed, is believed to be the most sensitive and sensational part of female sexual organ and that by circumcision females sexuality will brought under control. This practice brings about a lot of health problems e.g. fibrosis, Hiv/Aids due to the instruments involved in the act. d. SLAVERY: This is the illegal trade of human beings for the purpose of commercial, sexual exploitation or forced labour. It is also the transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons by means of threat or use of force or deception in order to receive payment or benefit. Slavery also involves deals with the transportation of women, men or children. e. INFANT BETROTHAL AND EARLY MARRIAGE: In some communities, marriage formalities are fulfilled for the couple before their maturity, whereby parents betroth their female children to older men or to their friends either for money or in order to achieve a goal. This early marriage leads to poor sexual and reproductive health of the victim, in some cases leads to the lickage of vagina due to child bearing, as well as depriving the girl the joy of youth or going further in her education. This affects the girl socially, psychologically, physically and emotionally. WHAT ARE VALUES IN SOCIAL STUDIES? Values are attitudes or beliefs which people should do, the standards they should live by, or the things they should endorse or maintain. Values are the principles we hold as important and worthwhile and which possess quality or merit. Values helps to direct our behavior and relationship with other people. Right values we should possess are as follows: Having belief in hard work. Performing selfless service in our community. Showing commitment towards the security of life and property of the people and society. Being punctual at all times. Honesty or truthfulness. Having patience. Co-operation and willingness to share with others. Being dedicated to work etc. EXPLAIN WITH 5 EXAMPLES WHAT THE RIGHT ATTITUDE TO WORK MEANS INTERGRITY: This is the quality of being honest and having good moral principles and uprightness. Having integrity means doing the right thing in a reliable way. It’s a personality trait everyone should have, it literally means having â€Å"wholeness of character†, being unbiased always i.e. always standing by the truth. DELIGENCE: This means careful and persistent work or effort. It is determination and perseverance when doing something; it is also the act of being hardworking in order to achieve a certain goal or goals. It involves being meticulous in duties, showing care and steady effort in discharging our duties in our life activities. PUNCTUALITY: This is the act of arriving or doing something at the expected or planes time. This also means attending to any duty assigned to us to do at the right or appropriate time. COMMITMENT AND DEDICATION: This is showing interest and good sense, responsibility in carrying out our duties. This is about having passion for the work we do and we are committed to our work, it brings success. It also means committing ourselves to something special. For instance, Mandela was committed and dedicated in bringing his country justice and democracy, he had great passion for what is right. REGULARITY: This involves being in our place of work always and doing our work as supposed. This involves always in order and all constant. EXPLAIN WITH 5 EXAMPLES OF PROMOTING POSITIVE BEHAVIOUR IN OUR SOCIEETY. EDUCATION: Educating people about positive behavior and making them know the benefits of behaving right. Also through public enlightenment which have to do with the public aware of the dangers associated with negative behavior. PUNISHMENT: This is using sanctions and punishments to discourage negative behaviors in order for them to know that negative behavior is bad. ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS: The government should make strict laws against negative behaviors and make sure the laws are enforced tom the letter i.e. enforced on anyone going against the law. REWARDS: Rewards should be given to people who portray positive behavior in order to encourage them and serve as motivation. EMPHASIS ON GOOD MORALS: Lecture on good morals should be made in order to let people have discipline and abstain from negative behaviors. EXAMINE CRITICALLY THE CONCEPT OF CULTURAL PATTERNS. Culture is the way of life of people. It is a set of people grouped together having common accessories (linage) or parenthood; it includes the totality of people’s beliefs, their modes of worship, their occupation, ways of thinking etc. Culture varies from place to place and it is passed down from generation to another through learning. It grows and changes with time and through contact with people from outside our own groups. In Nigeria we have over 370 ethnic groups of which the three major and largest are the Hausa-Fulani, Igbo and Yoruba, and these people have different culture, for instance, the culture of the Yoruba’s is different from that of the Hausas and Igbo culture is different from those of the Hausas and Yoruba’s. Examples of the various cultural patterns are language, music, religion, art and craft, food, trading, occupation, traditions, architecture etc. EXPLAIN WITH EXAMPLES THE NIGERIAN CULTURAL PATTERNS DRESSING: Among the different ethnic groups in Nigeria, their dressing is also a common factor. For instance, a Yoruba man is known for wearing agbada and Abeti-Aja Cap, while an Igbo man is known for wearing awka-ochie and a red cap. They dress differently because of their tribes and culture. MUSIC: Different ethnic groups have different music they listen to. This songs are sometimes in their different languages or traditions. For instance, an igbo music and meaning is different from that of an Ijaw man or that of an Hausa man. There are different music have different meanings to them and they appreciate it according to their traditions or culture. LANGUAGE: in Nigeria different ethnic groups speaks different languages. For example, A Yoruba man calls plate Abo while an Igbo man calls plate Efere, this is because they are from different tribes and the way they think and view the world is determined by their cultural language differences. FOOD: The food of ethnic groups are different. This ethnic groups enjoys different delicacies according to their culture or tradition. For instance, Yoruba enjoys Amala and Ewedu While Igbos enjoys Fufu/pounded yam with Egusi or oha soup, likewise other ethnic groups have their own special delicacies. RELIGION: Religion is the belief in of people, therefore, different ethnic groups have their own different beliefs and religions. For instance, some Yoruba religion is Christianity while some are Muslims likewise Hausa are mainly Muslims. They have different religions because of what they believe to be sacred and of great value and moral standard. MYTHOLOGY: Different ethnic groups originated from different places and source. For instance, the Yoruba came from ododuwa in ile-ife while the Igbos also came from another source. This different historical backgrounds shows the different in their way of life and traditions. MARRIAGE: Different ethnic groups have different ways of marriage process and system. For instance, the traditions and ways a Yoruba person will get married is different from the way an Igbo person will get married. They have specific traditions which they must follow when performing marriage rites. CITING APPROPRIATE EXAMPLES, EXAMIN 5 COMMON TERMS IN CULTURE. LEVEL OF POLITICAL INTEGRATION: This refers to the general types of political systems used to organize and manage societies. As a society increases in population size and territory, it must develop new political solutions to keep or avoid them from splitting apart. CHIEF-DOM: This is when a society has more or less permanent political leader i.e. a chief but has no division of governing tasks into specific categories. The chief provides direction and authority for the society as a whole. KINDRED: This is a family group bound together by their kinship ties to one person i.e. relationships between individuals who are commonly thought of as having family ties. An individual’s kindred consists of all the people whom are related to him or her biologically and sometimes spouses. DIFFUSION: This is the movement of cultural traits and ideas from one society or ethnic group to another. While the form of a trait may be transmitted to another society, the meaning may not be used. For instance, Chinese foods are seen as normal delicacies in china but are seen as special foods in Nigeria. ACCULTURATION: This is defined as the process by which a culture is transformed due to the massive adoption of cultural traits from another society. This is when particular culture is changed from the different one it has. It can be seen as an individual moving to a new society and adopting their culture. WHAT IS MEANT BY SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN INDIGENIOUS SOCIETIES? Social interaction can be defined as the process by which we act, relate and react to people around us. It is also those acts, actions or practices of two or more people mutually oriented towards each other, i.e. any behavior that tries to affect or take account of each other’s experiences or intentions. It includes those act people perform towards each other and the response they give in return. For instance, it is the way an ethnic group relates with another ethnic group. In relating with people, we must know their do’s and don’ts I.e. respecting them knowing what they like and do not like. In other words, parties in social interaction must be aware of each other’s self in mind. Social interaction can involve smiling, talking, winking, debating, negotiating; they can also be active or passive, brief or long-lived, organized, unorganized or disorganized, direct or indirect, shallow or intense etc. FIVE FACTORS THAT PROMOTE SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN THE INDIGENIOUS SOCIETIES INTER-MARRIAGE: When people marry from different tribe and culture, they tend to know more about each other and then they respect and interact with themselves effectively. It enables them meet people and express themselves without segregation. AGE GRADE: When people belong to the same age grade, it helps makes them free and allows them to interact with one another. For instance, children when playing with each other, interact and mingle up with themselves irrespective of their different families and tribe. It gives them a sense of belonging in sharing things because of their age grade. FAMILY: Members of family who experience the security of other family members and have strong attachment to them, are better able to reach out to relate with others. Family members use this relationship as a support to venture out and explore their environment. They are able to use the image of each of them when interacting with others. MUSIC: When people listen to songs together irrespective of the language used, they interact well. For instance, at an occasion where a song is played, people of different tribes can just fall in love with the particular song and everyone will dance and sing to it. The song here has brought about love and enjoyment in their mist and it helps them interact with one another. OCCUPATION: When people of different skill meet just with the sole aim to work and achieve a certain goal, it builds their abilities and interaction among them. People have the chance to learn more from each other and by doing so their friendship and interaction increases. It helps them in understanding each other better and also in building of the society.

Types of Businesses in America Essay -- Business Law

Types of Businesses in America American society has always been optimistic towards their future. The American nation is a capitalistic country. Many individuals are influenced to start up their own businesses with their own ideas. The government helps and regulates all business. There are three types of businesses sole proprietorships, partnerships and corporations. A sole proprietorship would be my best choice to start up my own business. This form of business is the easiest to start. In the states a federal license or permit is needed to sell products or serve a service to the public. A license is required in order to begin the business operation. Income or loss the owner is accounted for on the tax return. â€Å"Flow thru taxation† is the term used to state that the owner’s incomes flows through the tax return. I would keep contact daily with my accountant. The business would not be taxed twice as there would be in corporations. It is simply taxed once. I would not need contracts stating two peo ple joining in and making an effort to make a business work as there would be in partnerships. I would just rely on myself. I have better confidence of trusting myself than trusting others in forming a partnership. It is a gamble and a risk to be liable for the entire business. Life is pretty short and taking a risk would either mean it was worth it or you learn from it. Since it’s the easiest form of business to start why not take full advantage. But there are advantages and disadvantages. In a sole proprietorship there is limited capital which means the owner would have trouble getting the supplies and materials needed for. But it would also seem harder to borrow money and loans from the bank. A loan from the bank seems like the ... ...g. Businesses structures and regulations are strong and firm which help businesses around the nation. The rules and regulations from the federal government help and keep the people safe. Starting a business is easy and profitable. It may be easier to start a sole proprietorship rather than a corporation. But many can receive help from family or friend and start a partnership where there is help and support of a partner. There are advantages and disadvantages for all forms of business. There are endless opportunities for the American people. There optimistic attitudes can lead them to great wealth. Works Cited Pride, William M., Hughes Robert J., Kapoor Jack R. Business. Publisher: Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 8th edition. â€Å"Sole proprietorship/Partnerships/Corporations.† Wikipedia. 5, August, 2005.7,August, 2005. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

Contract Performance Essay

The allegation that the bidder cannot perform contract involves bidder responsibility, affirmative determination of which is not reviewed by GAO except in cases of fraud of misapplication of definitive responsibility criteria set forth in solicitation. Since neither exception is applicable, protest is dismissed (1981. pp 1-2). Explicate the regulatory provision (FAR) pertaining to contract performance in general. Contract performance first lies the early stages of interpreting the contract. Marshall Engelbeck states â€Å"The cardinal rule of contract interpretation is to â€Å"carry out the original intent of the parties. This rule is founded in common law. † (Engelbeck, 2002, p. 339) The first step in understanding a contract is interpreting the contract by finding the â€Å"plain meaning of the words, if the words are clear and unambiguous. † (O’Connor, 2007, p. 119) to help with this Marshal Engelbeck lays out six presumptions upon which a contract is founded. These are used to help interpret the contract to ensure the objective intent is understood and that no ambiguity exists between the contracting parties. They are: (1) Performance feasibility: there is a presumption that it is possible to perform the work. 2) Competency: The seller has an obligation to perform the work satisfactorily. (3) Document soundness: The contract is the plain meaning between the buyer and the seller, and should be a complete and accurate expression of the original intent of both parties. (4) Cooperation: This presumption enforces the duty on both parties to cooperate. (5) Absence of mistake: In a contract, mistakes can occur that are classified as mutual or unilateral. The burden of resulting from a mistake can be substantial, and the parties must resolve the situation quickly. 6) Conscionability: misunderstandings, and optimistic analysis can create contract requirements that impose an obligation on the performing party to operate contract to its best interest, the cost of performance is not proportional to the benefits. (2002, pp. 328-329) Also both parties are subject to the â€Å"duty to inquire rule, this applies only to obvious errors, gross discrepancies, or inadvertent and glaring gaps. This is not to focus on intent but whether either party, failing to divulge mistakes, stands to profit from the failure. † (Engelbeck, 2002, p. 339) The question stated in plain words: What does the contract say? To understand this possible additional layer in the contract, we need to use the secondary rules of contract interpretation. They are as follows: â€Å"Requirement 1: For words to be ambiguous, there must be two reasonable interpretations of the words† O’Connor (2007, p. 123), which means â€Å"the party must read the contract as a whole, words and meanings should remain consistent. † Engelbeck (2002, p. 340) â€Å"Requirement 2: The ambiguity must be hidden (patent)† (O’Connor, 2007, p. 123) which Engelbeck states as where â€Å"express language rule prevails; this rule assumes that the professionals understand the language of their own specialties. (Engelbeck, 2002, p. 340) â€Å"Requirement 3: The contractor did not know that the government had different interpretation. If a bidder knows its interpretation is in conflict with government’s at the solicitation stage, the bidder is must resolve it. † (O’Connor, 2007, p. 125) this is reinforced by Engelbeck (2002, p. 341) â€Å"knowledge of the other party’s interpretation: Entering into a contract knowing the other party’s interpretation was objectionable means that other party’s interpretation is the one that is binding. If the parties still have not resolved the inconsistencies of the contract the FAR has established and Order of Precedence to help mitigate any ambiguity that may arise from the objective intent of a contract: FAR 52. 215-8, Order of Precedence – Uniform Contract Format (October 1997), â€Å"Any inconsistency in the solicitation of contract shall be resolved by giving precedence in the following order: (a) The schedule (excluding the specifications). b) Representations and other instructions. (c) Contract clauses. (d) Other documents, exhibits, and attachments. (e) The specifications. † (O’Connor, 2007, p. 127) The Post-Award Conference is should be established by the Contracting Officer or to help â€Å"establish the communication protocol, and define the focal points for specific tasks and to ensure the contractor has a complete understanding of the scope, technical requirements, and obligations under the contract. The orientation should be held as soon after the award of the contract. † Engelbeck (2002, pp. 336-337) Engelbeck further states this is not the time to rewrite the requirements or the contract. Based off my experience as a procurement manger this is the time where possible concerns are raised by the contractor, and the task orders are issued by the contracting officer to clarify the contract, and at times modifications are issued to the contract to reflect the elucidation of the objective of the client. Explicate the regulatory provisions (FAR) that apply to the particular contract performance issue of the report chosen. The regulatory provisions that apply to this contract based off Lancer Clothing Corporation’s protest would be the following presumptions as identified by Engelbeck (1) performance feasibility, would go the argument that Lancer Clothing Corporation protests on the this issue as â€Å"the procurement objective would not be fulfilled and the significant financial lost on the part of the client could occur. (Engelbeck, 2002, p. 329) (2) competency, this would apply as the company pointed out that â€Å"bidder does not have a commitment for the lining material, from a reputable suppler and thus lacks sufficient production capacity† Van Cleve (1981, p. 1) to deliver the full product line. Explicate whether the report gives adequate information to form an opinion about the recommendations.

women on television essays

women on television essays The quality of American television has become a national disgrace. Young women in America who are displeased with their appearance more likely then not can trace those feelings directly back to images from the media on television. The unrealistic representations of women that the media bombards young women with indicates that the television has become a source for a distorted understanding of gender roles among adolescent women. These images warp young women's views of their own gender identity. The media on television should in an attempt to provide more positive gender identities for adolescent women depict women on television in more realistic ways, should stop reinforcing negative stereotypes of women, and stop portraying women as sex objects in advertising. Television is unrepresentative of the real world. Since most major directors on television are males, they depict a world, which agrees with their concepts of society on television. Young women see women in roles on television as being submissive to men or as not as intelligent as men are. For example, the case of the female mayor on the comedy shows South Park. She went to Princeton, yet she makes moronic decisions for the town and flagrantly poses for photos. The media should show positive roles that young women could identify with and imitate positive behavior from strong female role models. Television besieges women with portrayals of old women fearing the youth of young women. The result of these images is that these ideas create competition among women and divides women. The media should also be aware of the images of women depicted since young women in other countries also see the American television. In developing countries television ownership is rising and as much as sev enty one percent of television programming is from more affluent countries . Equally important would be to stop reinforcing negative stereotypes of women on tele ...

The Only Good Indian

The Only Good Indian In the years from 1887, the United States Federal government began a process of assimilating the native Indians in the land to the American culture. This paper aims to describe the assimilation policy and the interrelation s between the slogan â€Å"Kill the Indian and Save the Man†, the film, â€Å"The Only Good Indian†, and the assimilation policy advocated by Captain Pratt.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Only Good Indian specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aspects of the assimilation policy can be approached from three perspectives, the film perspective, Captain Pratt’s perspective, and the slogan, â€Å"Kill the Indian, Save the Man†. The assimilation policy was a policy that aimed to completely kill the Indian culture and replace it with the American culture by taking the young children to American-style schools. In the movie, â€Å"The Only Good Indian†, the main charact er is a young boy, Charlie; who is kidnapped from his family and taken to the Haskell Indian Industrial (Trade) School to be trained in the American culture. The school is depicted as a hell hole where the children are treated with disrespect and forced to abandon their culture, by being beaten, raped, and tortured. Therefore, the assimilation policy depicted in the school is one of torture and forced culture change. The use of Bram Stoker’s Dracula in the film is also used to depict the assimilation policy in a different way. Though the Americans argued that they were enlightening the children, the main character likens school administrators to the blood sucking vampire in the book by Bram Stoker. Therefore, the book is used to show the White people as a soul sucking people instead of the saviors of the Indian people. However, the children who were forced to assimilate the American culture were not fully accepted into the culture. This is depicted by the other main character in the movie, Sam, who is a self made private investigator who brings Charlie  back when he escapes from the school. Sam is treated as a fugitive by the Americans and ends up being pursued together with Charlie. The assimilation policy described by Captain Pratt is one where the Native American culture is killed and replaced by the American culture. This relates to both the film theme and the slogan because they all described a situation where the Indian spirit is killed, and replaced by the American culture. This means that Captain Pratt’s assimilation policy encourages the forceful replacement of the Indian culture with the American culture by taking the Native American young to school and forcing them to learn the American culture.

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example The interests of the developed countries have not only remained protected, but have further explored. The level of competition has never distracted the economic and trade activities of the developed countries, much because the level of competition among the developed countries is diluted. Dell (2001) has concluded that the globalization has however resulted in the era of greater interdependence of the economies due to the provisions of the free trade and relaxed taxation policy, therefore the pace of political and economic convergence increased dramatically over the past few decades as states appear increasingly similar in terms of their political structures and economic functions. In the view of the above listed facts, the US Presidential candidates Republican John McCain and Democrat Obama have emerged in the field in quest for the presidential throne. Roger (2008) has supported Obama’s stand, the presidential nominee has adopted liberal economic policies with non-specific mentioned of taxation policies. Roger (2008) reported that the Democrat candidate, globalization of economy has weakened the states, control over their societies; thus, globalization promotes civil liberties and, eventually, democracy, through socioeconomic development, and this caused has resulted in the independence of the United states, therefore the globalization commenced soon after the independence of the United states, the integration of national economies into the global market place has served as a catalyst to the states political liberalization Republican Senator McCain has warned that the globalization has certain limitations; however the extent of those has diminished with the passage of time. Tom (2008) reported that the convergence on the economic and trade agenda has motivated the United States to develop mutual and cordial understanding with the developing countries, and such collaboration has

Writing for Criminal Justice Administrators Essay - 1

Writing for Criminal Justice Administrators - Essay Example It generally extends the normal working days to beyond eight hours. However, it minimizes the number of consecutive days a person works to less than five, for instance, in a schedule of around three days of 12 hours or four days of ten hours. In this instance, it will be a schedule of three days of 12 hours. Compressed workweek is advantageous, for the employers it is for their advantage because it permits the extension of working hours and; thus, it also results in the reduction of expenses linked with start-up costs (starting operations). For the employees, it gives them fewer working days. These are among the many advantages that compressed workweeks offer both to the employer and to employee. It will be imperative if the 12-hour day work shift is adopted. This is concerning the meeting held on Thursday 14 February 2013 about the adoption of a 12-hour day work shift. Enough research has been done on the viability of the changes, and it is in our view that the changes be adopted. After consultation with various stakeholders in the company, we have found that the 12-hour work shift will work for the benefit of all of us. Therefore, it is our expectation that the management team will give us the necessary support and attention. We have gathered all the resources needed for the realization of the changes. Compressed workweek has become popular in most organizations because of its flexibility and other benefits. The 12-hour work shift schedule is the preferred choice by most employees. The schedule offers extraordinary coverage during the peak times. The popularity of the 12-hour work shift is attributed to the fact that it tends to provide more off-days and compress the workweek. The schedule also stimulates greater effort and increases the motivation of the workers. It is essential that the population characteristics of the worker be considered during the selection of the work schedules. The way