Foundation and Empire 16. Conference

When the twenty-seven independent Trading worlds, united only by their distrust of the mother planet of the Foundation, concert an assembly among themselves, and each is big with a pride grown of its smallness, hardened by its own insularity and embittered by eternal danger – there are preliminary negotiations to be overcome of a pettiness sufficiently staggering to heartsicken the most persevering. It is not enough to fix in advance such details as methods of voting, type of representation – whether by world or by population. These are matters of involved political importance. It is not enough to fix matters of priority at the table, both council and dinner, those are matters of involved social importance. It was the place of meeting – since that was a matter of overpowering provincialism. And in the end the devious routes of diplomacy led to the world of Radole, which some commentators had suggested at the start for logical reason of central position. Radole was a small world – and, in military potential, perhaps the weakest of the twenty-seven. That, by the way, was another factor in the logic of the choice. It was a ribbon world – of which the Galaxy boasts sufficient, but among which, the inhabited variety is a rarity for the physical requirements are difficult to meet. It was a world, in other words, where the two halves face the monotonous extremes of heat and cold, while the region of possible life is the girdling ribbon of the twilight zone. Such a world invariably sounds uninviting to those who have not tried it, but there exist spots, strategically placed – and Radole City was located in such a one. It spread along the soft slopes of the foothills before the hacked-out mountains that backed it along the rim of the cold hemisphere and held off the frightful ice. The warm, dry air of the sun-half spilled over, and from the mountains was piped the water-and between the two, Radole City became a continuous garden, swimming in the eternal morning of an eternal June. Each house nestled among its flower garden, open to the fangless elements. Each garden was a horticultural forcing ground, where luxury plants grew in fantastic patterns for the sake of the foreign exchange they brought – until Radole had almost become a producing world, rather than a typical Trading world. So, in its way, Radole City was a little point of softness and luxury on a horrible planet – a tiny scrap of Eden – and that, too, was a factor in the logic of the choice. The strangers came from each of the twenty-six other Trading worlds: delegates, wives, secretaries, newsmen, ships, and crews – and Radole's population nearly doubled and Radole's resources strained themselves to the limit. One ate at will, and drank at will, and slept not at all. Yet there were few among the roisterers who were not intensely aware that all that volume of the Galaxy burnt slowly in a sort of quiet, slumbrous war. And of those who were aware, there were dime classes. First, there were the many who knew little and were very confident. Such as the young space pilot who wore the Haven cockade on the clasp of his cap, and who managed, in holding his glass before his eyes, to catch those of the faintly smiling Radolian girl opposite. He was saying: â€Å"We came fight through the war-zone to get here-on purpose. We traveled about a light-minute or so, in neutral, right past Horleggor-â€Å" â€Å"Horleggor?† broke in a long-legged native, who was playing host to that particular gathering. â€Å"That's where the Mule got the guts beat out of him last week, wasn't it?† â€Å"Where'd you hear that the Mule got the guts beat out of him?† demanded the pilot, loftily. â€Å"Foundation radio.† â€Å"Yeah? Well, the Mule's got Horleggor. We almost ran into a convoy of his ships, and that's where they were coming from. It isn't a gut-beating when you stay where you fought, and the gut-beater leaves in a hurry.† Someone else said in a high, blurred voice, â€Å"Don't talk like that. Foundation always takes it on the chin for a while. You watch; just sit tight and watch. Ol' Foundation knows when to come back. And then – pow!† The thick voice concluded and was succeeded by a bleary grin. â€Å"Anyway.† said the pilot from Haven, after a short pause, â€Å"As I say, we saw the Mule's ships, and they looked pretty good, pretty good. I tell you what – they looked new.† â€Å"New?† said the native, thoughtfully. â€Å"They build them themselves?† He broke a leaf from an overhanging branch, sniffed delicately at it, then crunched it between his teeth, the bruised tissues bleeding greenly and diffusing a minty odor. He said, â€Å"You trying to tell me they beat Foundation ships with homebuilt jobs? Go on.† â€Å"We saw them, doc. And I can tell a ship from a comet, too, you know.† The native leaned close. â€Å"You know what I think. Listen, don't kid yourself. Wars don't just start by themselves, and we have a bunch of shrewd apples running things. They know what they're doing.† The well-unthirsted one said with sudden loudness, â€Å"You watch ol' Foundation. They wait for the last minute, then – pow!† He grinned with vacuously open mouth at the girl, who moved away from him. The Radolian was saying, â€Å"For instance, old man, you think maybe that this Mule guy's running things. No-o-o.† And he wagged a finger horizontally. â€Å"The way I hear it, and from pretty high up, mind you, he's our boy. We're paying him off, and we probably built those ships. Let's be realistic about it – we probably did. Sure, he can't beat the Foundation in the long run, but he can get them shaky, and when he does – we get in.† The girl said, â€Å"Is that all you can talk about, Klev? The war? You make me tired.† The pilot from Haven said, in an access of gallantry, â€Å"Change the subject. Can't make the girls tired.† The bedewed one took up the refrain and banged a mug to the rhythm. The little groups of two that had formed broke up with giggles and swagger, and a few similar groups of twos emerged from the sun-house in the background. The conversation became more general, more varied, more meaningless. Then there were those who knew a little more and were less confident. Such as the one-armed Fran, whose large bulk represented Haven as official delegated, and who lived high in consequence, and cultivated new friendships – with women when he could and with men when he had to. It was on the sun platform of the hilltop home, of one of these new friends, that he relaxed for the first of what eventually proved to be a total of two times while on Radole. The new friend was Iwo Lyon, a kindred soul of Radole. Iwo's house was apart from the general cluster, apparently alone in a sea of floral perfume and insect chatter. The sun platform was a grassy strip of lawn set at a forty-five degree angle, and upon it Fran stretched out and fairly sopped up sun. He said, â€Å"Don't have anything like this on Haven.† Iwo replied, sleepily, â€Å"Ever seen the cold side. There's a spot twenty miles from here where the oxygen runs like water. â€Å" â€Å"Go on. â€Å"Fact.† â€Å"Well, I'll tell you, Iwo-In the old days before my arm was chewed off I knocked around, see – and you won't believe this, but† – The story that followed lasted considerably, and Iwo didn't believe it. Iwo said, through yawns, â€Å"They don't make them like in the old days, that's the truth.† â€Å"No, guess they don't. Well, now,† Fran fired up, â€Å"don't say that. I told you about my son, didn't I? He's one of the old school, if you like. He'll make a great Trader, blast it. He's his old man up and down. Up and down, except that he gets married.† â€Å"You mean legal contract? With a girl?† â€Å"That's right. Don't see the sense in it myself. They went to Kalgan for their honeymoon.† â€Å"Kalgan? Kalgan? When the Galaxy was this?† Fran smiled broadly, and said with slow meaning, â€Å"Just before the Mule declared war on the Foundation.† â€Å"That so?† Fran nodded and motioned Iwo closer with his head. He said, hoarsely, â€Å"In fact, I can tell you something, if you don't let it go any further. My boy was sent to Kalgan for a purpose. Now I wouldn't like to let it out, you know, just what the purpose was, naturally, but you look at the situation now, and I suppose you can make a pretty good guess. In any case, my boy was the man for the job. We Traders needed some sort of ruckus.† He smiled, craftily. â€Å"It's here. I'm not saying how we did it, but – my boy went to Kalgan, and the Mule sent out his ships. My son!† Iwo was duly impressed. He grew confidential in his turn, â€Å"That's good. You know, they say we've got five hundred ships ready to pitch in on our own at the right time. â€Å" Fran said authoritatively, â€Å"More than that, maybe. This is real strategy. This is the kind I like.† He clawed loudly at the skin of his abdomen. â€Å"But don't you forget that the Mule is a smart boy, too. What happened at Horleggor worries me.† â€Å"I heard he lost about ten ships.† â€Å"Sure, but he had a hundred more, and the Foundation had to get out. It's all to the good to have those tyrants beaten, but not as quickly as all that.† He shook his head. â€Å"The question I ask is where does the Mule get his ships? There's a widespread rumor we're making them for him.† â€Å"We? The Traders? Haven has the biggest ship factories anywhere in the independent worlds, and we haven't made one for anyone but ourselves. Do you suppose any world is building a fleet for the Mule on its own, without taking the precaution of united action? That's a†¦ a fairy tale.† â€Å"Well, where does he get them?† And Fran shrugged, â€Å"Makes them himself, I suppose. That worries me, too.† Fran blinked at the sun and curled his toes about the smooth wood of the polished foot-rest. Slowly, he fell asleep and the soft burr of his breathing mingled with the insect sibilance. Lastly, there were the very few who knew considerable and were not confident at all. Such as Randu, who on the fifth day of the all-Trader convention entered the Central Hall and found the two men he had asked to be there, waiting for him. The five hundred seats were empty – and were going to stay so. Randu said quickly, almost before he sat down, â€Å"We three represent about half the military potential of the Independent Trading Worlds.† â€Å"Yes,† said Mangin of Iss, â€Å"my colleague and I have already commented upon the fact.† â€Å"I am ready,† said Randu, â€Å"to speak quickly and earnestly. I am not interested in bargaining or subtlety. Our position is radically in the worse.† â€Å"As a result of-† urged Ovall Gri of Mnemon. â€Å"Of developments of the last hour. Please! From the beginning. First, our position is not of our doing, and but doubtfully of our control. Our original dealings were not with the Mule, but with several others; notably the ex-warlord of Kalgan, whom the Mule defeated at a most inconvenient time for us.† â€Å"Yes, but this Mule is a worthy substitute,† said Mangin. â€Å"I do not cavil at details.† â€Å"You may when you know all the details.† Randu leaned forward and placed his hands upon the table palms-up in an obvious gesture. He said, â€Å"A month ago I sent my nephew and my nephew's wife to Kalgan.† â€Å"Your nephew!† cried Ovall Gri, in surprise. â€Å"I did not know he was your nephew.† â€Å"With what purpose,† asked Mangin, dryly. â€Å"This?† And his thumb drew an inclusive circle high in the air. â€Å"No. If you mean the Mule's war on the Foundation, no. How could I aim so high? The young man knew nothing – neither of our organization nor of our aims. He was told I was a minor member of an intra-Haven patriotic society, and his function at Kalgan was nothing but that of an amateur observer. My motives were, I must admit, rather obscure. Mainly, I was curious about the Mule. He is a strange phenomenon – but that's a chewed cud; I'll not go into it. Secondly, it would make an interesting and educational training project for a man who had experience with the Foundation and the Foundation underground and showed promise of future usefulness to us. You see-â€Å" Ovall's long face fell into vertical lines as he showed his large teeth, â€Å"You must have been surprised at the outcome, then, since there is not a world among the Traders, I believe, that does not know that this nephew of yours abducted a Mule underling in the name of the Foundation and furnished the Mule with a casus belli. Galaxy, Randu, you spin romances. I find it hard to believe you had no hand in that. Come, it was a skillful job.† Randu shook his white head, â€Å"Not of my doing. Nor, willfully, of my nephew's, who is now held prisoner at the Foundation, and may not live to see the completion of this so-skillful job. I have just heard from him. The Personal Capsule has been smuggled out somehow, come through the war zone, gone to Haven, and traveled from there to here. It has been a month on its travels.† â€Å"And?-â€Å" Randu leaned a heavy hand upon the heel of his palm and said, sadly, â€Å"I'm afraid we are cast for the same role that the onetime warlord of Kalgan played. The Mule is a mutant!† There was a momentary qualm; a faint impression of quickened heartbeats. Randu might easily have imagined it. When Mangin spoke, the evenness of his voice was unchanged, â€Å"How do you know?† â€Å"Only because my nephew says so, but he was on Kalgan. â€Å"What kind of a mutant? There are all kinds, you know.† Randu forced the rising impatience down, â€Å"All kinds of mutants, yes, Mangin. All kinds! But only one kind of Mule. What kind of a mutant would start as an unknown, assemble an army, establish, they say, a five-mile asteroid as original base, capture a planet, then a system, then a region – and then attack the Foundation, and defeat them at Horleggor. And all in two or three years!† Ovall Gri shrugged, â€Å"So you think he'll beat the Foundation?† â€Å"I don't know. Suppose he does?† â€Å"Sorry, I can't go that far. You don't beat the Foundation. Look, there's not a new fact we have to go on except for the statements of a†¦ well, of an inexperienced boy. Suppose we shelve it for a while. With all the Mule's victories, we weren't worried until now, and unless he goes a good deal further than he has, I see no reason to change that. Yes?† Randu frowned and despaired at the cobweb texture of his argument. He said to both, â€Å"Have we yet made any contact with the Mule?† â€Å"No,† both answered. â€Å"It's true, though, that we've tried, isn't it? It's true that there's not much purpose to our meeting unless we do reach him, isn't it? It's true that so far there's been more drinking than thinking, and more wooing than doing – I quote from an editorial in today's Radole Tribune – and all because we can't reach the Mule. Gentlemen, we have nearly a thousand ships waiting to be thrown into the fight at the proper moment to seize control of the Foundation. I say we should change that. I say, throw those thousand onto the board now – against the Mule.† â€Å"You mean for the Tyrant Indbur and the bloodsuckers of the Foundation?† demanded Mangin, with quiet venom. Randu raised a weary hand, â€Å"Spare me the adjectives. Against the Mule, I say, and for I-don't-care-who.† Ovall Gri rose, â€Å"Randu, I'll have nothing to do with that, You present it to the full council tonight if you particularly hunger for political suicide.† He left without another word and Mangin followed silently, leaving Randu to drag out a lonely hour of endless, insoluble consideration. At the full council that night, he said nothing. But it was Ovall Gri who pushed into his room the next morning; an Ovall Gri only sketchily dressed and who had neither shaved nor combed his hair. Randu stared at him over a yet-uncleared breakfast table with an astonishment sufficiently open and strenuous to cause him to drop his pipe. Ovall said baldly, harshly. â€Å"Mnemon has been bombarded from space by treacherous attack.† Randu's eyes narrowed, â€Å"The Foundation?† â€Å"The Mule!† exploded Ovall. â€Å"The Mule!† His words raced, â€Å"It was unprovoked and deliberate. Most of our fleet had joined the international flotilla. The few left as Home Squadron were insufficient and were blown out of the sky. There have been no landings yet, and there may not be, for half the attackers are reported destroyed – but it is war – and I have come to ask how Haven stands on the matter.† â€Å"Haven, I am sure, will adhere to the spirit of the Charter of Federation. But, you see? He attacks us as well.† â€Å"This Mule is a madman. Can he defeat the universe?† He faltered and sat down to seize Randu's wrist, â€Å"Our few survivors have reported the Mule's poss†¦ enemy's possession of a new weapon. A nuclear-field depressor.† â€Å"A what?† Ovall said, â€Å"Most of our ships were lost because their nuclear weapons failed them. It could not have happened by either accident or sabotage. It must have been a weapon of the Mule. It didn't work perfectly; the effect was intermittent; there were ways to neutralize – my dispatches are not detailed. But you see that such a tool would change the nature of war and, possibly, make our entire fleet obsolete.† Randu felt an old, old man. His face sagged hopelessly, â€Å"I am afraid a monster is grown that will devour all of us. Yet we must fight him.†

Investigating how business works Essay

Philip Markham Ltd is a family firm. It is traditional manufacturers of classic men swear and produces a wide range of exclusive shirts and ties. It also sells a more limited range of trousers, jackets, overcoats and sweaters. Only shirts and ties are manufactured in the factory in Marlington. Other items are obtained by placing orders with specialist manufacturers. Philip Markham aims to manufacture and sell high quality men’s clothing at fair, competitive prices and to all its customers. Objectives are to use high quality fabric for the shirts and customers can select which style of sleeve of collar they prefer, which type of sleeve fastening and even the length of the sleeve. The four functional areas I will be looking at are: – Resources and IT Finance Production Human Resources Resources and IT The company operates from a large factory, which was purchased by Philip Markham in the 1920s. Jack’s father, the great grandson of Philip Markham refurbished it in the 1970s and the offices are quite spacious and pleasant. The company first introduced computers in the 1980s. Kim Fields was appointed in 1992 and the company now has a small-networked computer system. Computers are used for: * Recording purchases and sales * Preparing financial and management accounts * Recording payroll information and calculating salaries and wages each month * Recording orders received from mail order customers analysing these * Keeping a database of all personnel employed by the company * Preparing letters and memos * Sending e-mails between departments. At the time the IT facilities were introduced it has been planned to locate them within the finance function. Finally, however, it was decided that it should be linked to Administration, as it involved all areas of the business. Marsha Webb is currently investigating how IT could help her to monitor manufacturing levels more easily. Finance The ten staff that works in finance are very important to the success of the company’s Philip Markham. Above all they make sure that they receive the money they are owed, they pay employee bills – and you receive your salary each month. They also make sure that each department does not spend more than it has been allocated. Each department has a budget, which is monitored by its administrator and director – as well as by finance – which can give up-to-date information on the level of expenditure at any time. Finance also has the task of preparing all the accounts each year so that they comply with their legal responsibilities to the Inland Revenue. Pete Martin, however, undertakes number-crunching activities on a far more regular basis. He is their management accountant and his responsible for checking that their production levels and sales are on target. He advises all the directors about the current financial health of the company on a weekly basis. Typical job title Function and responsibilities Financial director Giving advice to senior managers on the overall financial policy of the organisation. Overseeing the company budget. In charge of all the finance function in the organisation. Financial manager Managing the finance function and staff. Advising on financial resources. Chief accountant Overseeing the preparation of the final accounts of the organisation. Management accountant Producing continuous financial information for management. Credit controller Advising on credit policies. Ensuring that money owing to company is kept within agreed levels. Chief cashier Responsible for the receipt, safe keeping, banking and accounting of all cash received. Payroll administrator Responsible for overseeing the company payroll and salary/wage section. Wages clerks Assist the payroll administrator in the production of salary and wage details. Ledger clerks Assist the chief accountant in the recording of all financial transaction. Credit control clerks Assist the credit controller in checking the credit status of new customers and existing accounts. Reminding customers of overdue payments. Production In the induction programme Philip Markham show people who visit their Production area and show them all the different operations that are carried out. The layout of the area has been designed to maximise the flow of materials when they are producing shirts, from cutting to finishing. After shirt material has been cut it is clipped with either a blue ticket – for standard shirts – or a red ticket, for customised shirts. Blue ticket items are passed to the machinists who carry out all the main sewing operations. Red ticket items go to a different group of machinists who also carry out the alterations required. The finishers are responsible for adding all the finishing touches – from the buttons to the label – and they will also carry out any special finishing instructions noted on red ticketed items. Quality control is very importance at Philip Markham and each team – cutters, machinists and finishers – is responsible for ensuring that quality is right at every stage of the process. Then the shirts and ties pass to the packing department, which is part of despatch. Shirts used to have to be folded by hand. But now this has been partially mechanised and is much quicker. The shirts are boxed and labelled – it is at this stage that the goods have to be linked to the correct paper work and the dispatchers ensure that each box includes the correct delivery note and advise note for the haulier. Philip Markham subcontracts the delivery of its goods. This works out cheaper than keeping a fleet of vehicles and maintaining them. Also parts of Production are the purchasing staff and the designers. Purchasing is responsible for obtaining the best quality fabrics at the best prices and making sure all of their raw materials are delivered on time. How much to stock, what to stock and for how long are critical decisions. They only have limited storage place and keeping too much cloth in stock is expensive – so they need to maintain good relationships with reliable suppliers. Their designers are also part of the production team. They have a keen eye on fashion and aim to produce new designs each year. This also means choosing new fabrics and new designs, which will appeal to Philip Markham customers. The design team is busy all year and works at least six months ahead – so that the new ranges can be include in their catalogues which are produced each January (for spring and summer wear) and July (for autumn and winter). Design links very closely with Sales and Marketing as we try to incorporate customer feedback and suggestions into their new designs. Typical job title Job role Production director Responsible for the entire production function and its operations. Operations or Works manager Responsible for the production of all goods as scheduled and to the quality required. Purchasing manager Responsible for the acquisition of raw materials. Chief engineer Responsible for all maintenance staff and for scheduling equipment maintenance and recommending modifications. Chief designer Responsible for the design team and the design of the finished products Production planners Plan all production to maximise machine use and staffing, taking account of customer requirements. Production controllers Check production is going to schedule. Quality controllers Check quality is to the required standard. Buyers/order clerks Buy the raw materials required for production. Stores staff Store and monitor stocks of all raw materials and components and issue these as required. Draughtsmen Responsible for the technical design of manufactured equipment. Foremen Supervise the maintenance staff and factory operatives. Despatch clerks Responsible for the despatching the finished goods. Designers Responsible for the actual design of the product. Engineers Responsible for carrying out equipment maintenance. Factory operatives Undertake the production and assembly of manufactured items by machine or by hand. Human Resources Philip Markham would not be successful if it did not have the commitment of its entire staff. In Human resources they focus on the needs of all the staff and try to do all they can to help to recruit the best people they can – and look after them whilst they work there. These are the most important functions of this department. Their legal experts are Mark butler (for employment law) and Kate Parks (for health and safety). The company operates an equal opportunities policy and aims to treat all its employees fairly and equally in all aspects relating to their employment. Administration at Philip Markham is carried within each department, but in HR/admin they coordinate central services, such as the switchboard, reception, mail room, security, cleaning and building maintenance and last – but by no means least – the staff canteen. Janet Gregory and her team run this. Janet is always keen to receive suggestions from staff and feedback on different types of snacks and meals they would like to see on the menu. IT services is also part of their function. Kim is IT services Manager and Graham, her assistance, helps by developing their range of IT applications – when he is not supporting users, answering queries, solving problems and trouble-shooting in general! Philip Markham sees IT as a developing and rapidly growing area because of the benefits it can bring to the company as a whole and staff operations in particular. If you will be a computer user at Philip Markham your staff training on IT will be organised by Graham and if you have any problems with your computer, the number to call is 4080. The larger the organisation is, the more likely to have a several staff working in the Human Resources. For example: – Human resources director who is a senior manager in the organisation and this is more likely to be found at a large manufacturing organisation which employs thousands of workers. A medium company will have human resource manager who overseas a much smaller number of staff. Human resources function is to deal with the employee who works for the company. Wise organisation regard staff as the most important resource. The reason why I think human resources make their employees an important figure in their company is because their employees are well trained, keen to do their best and committed to the aims of the business. Supposed employees of one organisation are not motivated at their work then all the money and best equipment in the world wouldn’t make that organisation successful. The A-Z of Human Resource services – A flavour of what we do A. For application forms, absences and appraisals B. Covers benefits and bonuses C. Concerns contracts of employment, conditions of service, counselling services D. To discuss your development, your rights under discrimination or disability legislation E. All areas relating to your employment, earning, equal opportunities, eye sight tests and exit interviews F. To talk to us about fairness at work G. If you’ve grievance, perhaps H. For holiday entitlement, hours and health I. For illness, interviews and industrial relations J. For job descriptions and job share opportunities K. If you want to improve your knowledge and know how L. For leave of absence, if you need it M. For maternity, medical examinations and mentors N. For notice periods and National Insurance information O. To check on overtime and off-the-job or on-the-job training opportunities P. Perhaps for pay, pensions, probationary periods or paternity leave Q. For qualifications and queries R. For references, recruitment, retirement, resignations and your rights in general S. Search us out for information on salaries, sickness pay, self-certification T. For tax, training, trade union membership, time off U. For understanding your rights, for knowing what is and is not unfair V. For victimisation and vocational training W. For welfare and wages, works council and working conditions X. For extra special attention when you need it Y. For you – a person we like to see Z. For zappy – the way we operate – and zilch – because nothing is too much trouble! Typical job title Function and responsibilities Human resources director Deciding the overall staffing policies of the organisation. Advising senior management. Setting the HR budget. In charge of all the HR functions in the organisation. Human resources manager Managing the HR department and staff, involved with industrial relations and trade union negotiations, implementing the organisation’s HR policies. Recruitment officer Responsible for the recruitment and selection of staff. Training/staff development officer Responsible for training and staff development. Personnel/staffing officer Keeping staff records, monitoring staff welfare. Health and safety officer Overseeing all health and safety matters, accident monitoring and prevention. Security officer General security, responsible for all security staff. HR administrative assistants Administrative work relating to the human resources function. Orpington College Comparing to Philip Markham LTD Management Structure ——— Organisation Chart Academic year 2002/2003 Why have an organisation Structure? * Employees know what job to do. * Who they are responsible for. * What the responsibilities are. * To whom they are responsible. * How the employee links with other members of staff. There is no ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ organisation structure, as long as it helps people to work efficiently, communicate easily and assists the business to achieve its aims and objectives. Orpington College is a flat structure organisation and Flat structure does not have many layers, which means information is sent quickly; with less complication or misunderstanding; therefore it produces the correct result. Having a Flat structure communication is easier {clear information, understanding} between each layer, therefore when decisions are made, they will be specific to advice/order instructions. It has 13 managers in the College, Chief executive, 3 levels management, span of control between 2 and 4 and 4 top level of management in (guidance &marketing manager – assistance principle, staff & Resources and Clerk to the corporation – assistance principle, finance and information systems – assistance principle, curriculum & Students) Philip Markham is Hierarchical structure is based on distinct chain of commands from Managing director to sales director (according to Philip Markham). Decisions are made at the top and pass down. This kind of organisational is usually based on clearly defined procedures and roles. It has 10 managers in the company, no chief executive, managing director, 5 levels management, span of control between 2 and 4 and 4 top level of management in (financial director – production director – HRM/administration director and marketing and sales director.) Communications at Philip Markham Internal communications Every Monday mourning there is a meeting between Jack Markham and his directors. Minutes of this meeting are produced by Maria Forbes and sent to all staff. Each director holds a weekly team briefing with his/her staff to update them on the latest developments in the organisation. These are unofficial, relatively short affairs, just to keep people informed. There are weekly meetings each Wednesday mourning between Production and Sales/Marketing about sales and production targets. Any problems in production that are affecting orders are also discussed. Internal communications are mainly by memo, e-mail and telephone. All senior staff has pagers as well as those who are regularly away from their desk or may need to be called urgently, e.g. the health, safety and security officer, the manufacturing manager and the buildings supervisor. There is a notice board in Human Resources which contains information on staff events as well as details of job vacancies which are always advertised internally as well as externally. All staff has an annual appraisal interview with their own line manager but regular discussions are also held on individual staff performances and opportunities for staff training and development. External communications External communications are mostly by letter, telephone and fax. Senior sales staffs visit important potential business customers. Existing business customers are contacted by telephone at least once a month as well as being sent promotional material. Private customers are sent routine mailshots by sales and marketing as well as new mail order catalogues, as these are produce. In an organisation with dozens of employees, it is important that each member of staff knows exactly what to do, and how this links up with work carried out by other members of staff. People are therefore grouped into functional areas which relate to their job, so that people doing similar jobs work in the same area. These areas are then linked in an overall structure. In a large organisation we are likely to find more functional areas than in a small or medium-sized one. In this case we may find that there are only a few departments performing a variety of functions. Within a functional. The advantages of Ict upon communication internal and external communication at Cadbury are: * Fast (compared to other methods such as writing a letter) * Can be more accurate (easier to correct errors) * Allows people to use the information quickly and efficient * Can get access to a wide range of information easily * Easy and cheap to store information * Can access information where ever you are in the world (and can communicate with people where ever they are) * Often cheap to access * Quality of information can be better Disadvantages: * Messages can be misunderstood * Can take time to clarify misunderstanding * Chance that messages can be sent to the wrong people * People can be unfamiliar with the system * Employees may need training (costly) * Employees may feel de-motivated/ stressed by new technology * Messages can be held up due to technical problems * Lack of visual communication can hinder the quality of communication * Employees can suffer from information over load Ways to avoid some of these disadvantages are by * Training staff * Use face-to-face communication (maybe through the performance management system) * Make sure employees feel they can get to see their manager * Have technical support * Help employees, by satisfying their social needs e.g. through social club * Make sure employees are only given training that will be useful. Equal Opportunities Legislation and Other Employment Law Equal opportunities has been a legal requirement since the 1970s at Philip Markham yet a large engineering firm recently paid a substantial amount out of court because other female personnel manager was paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 less than a male colleague doing exactly the same job. This situation is under a Sex Discrimination Act 1975 where this act makes it illegal for anyone to be discriminated against on grounds of gender (or gender reassignment) – either directly or indirectly. In a record settlement just before an ET hearing in Newcastle-upon-Tyne in April 2000, Mark Hedley agreed an estimated à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300,000 compensation from his ex-employers, the cut-price grocery chain ALDI. This is the highest sum awarded to date under Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and it is understood ALDI settled to avoid damaging publicity. Mark Hedley had been prevented from returning to his à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½34,000 store manager job after being diagnosed HIV positive – even though he was fit for work. A report from the Trades Union Congress argues that people of African, Afro-Caribbean and Asian ethnicity don’t get their fair share of promotions at work despite having better qualifications. According to the race issues policy officer at the TUC, black people are less likely to be turned down for a job as ‘held back’ from promotion. People already in work – bring most cases to tribunals not just for being turned down for promotion but also for conditions of work, lack of training and racial abuse. This situation is under The Race Relation Act 1976. This act makes it unlawful for anyone to be discriminated against on grounds of colour, race, nationality or ethnic origin. An increasing number of lawyers are offering a no-win, no-fee service to employees who think they have been unfairly dismissed (The Employment Rights Act 1996). This helps those who don’t belong to a union to obtain free advice. This, plus the fact that the maximum compensation limit an employee can expect from a tribunal has increased to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½56,000, appears to be the reason for the huge rise in cases. Between July 1998 and 1999 ACAS recorded 136, 000 notifications of industrial tribunals – a 30% increase on the previous year. Since 1986, harassment has been classed as an act of discrimination. It is not only the employee who harasses who is guilty but also the employer if nothing has been done to take ‘reasonable steps’ to stop it. Firms must make it clear that harassment amounts to gross misconduct. The Equal Opportunities Commission received 700 complaints about harassment in 1999. Some cases are settled out of court – Dee Mazurkiewica, a former police detective, won a reported à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300,000 from Thames Valley police. This was a serious case but smaller settlements – from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20,000 – can result from acts of ‘belittling’ – such as making inappropriate or sexist comments or behaving in away that another person finds sexually threatening or insulting.

SPSS Quantitative Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SPSS Quantitative Research - Essay Example Country’s GDP per Capita significantly predicts Education Expenditure per Capita,  ÃŽ ² = .967,  t(46) = 25.64,  p   GDP can be divided into four classes as low income, low middle income, middle income, and high income. In addition, there are six world regions as Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, and South America. Figure 2 shows the GDP classes for all six-world regions. From figure 2, it can be seen that most of the high income GDP class country’s are in Europe and most of the low income GDP class country’s are in Africa and Asia. The main concern regarding the outcome of Chi-square Dependence test is that all cells have expected count less than 5. Therefore, to overcome this concern GDP classes should be divided in lesser group such as low income and high income and similarly, the world region should be divided in lesser region. By doing this, excepted count will be greater in all cells. The average total population growth is about 1.5% per annum (SD = 1.3% per annum) with half of the total population growth is below 1.3% per annum. The most common total population growth is about 1.7% per annum. The range of total population growth is 7.9% per annum with -0.2% per annum being minimum and 7.7% per annum being maximum. The distribution of the total population growth is skewed to right (skewness = 1.92) that is also confirmed by histogram (figure 3) and boxplot (figure 4) of the total population growth. Since the distribution is heavily skewed, the best measure of location and dispersion of total population growth is median (1.3% per annum) and Interquartile range (1.8% per annum). The average

Financial Reporting Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Reporting Problem - Essay Example et, the receivables should then be reported, representing those items on the balance sheet that are expected to yield cash in the near future like the prepaid expenses or the inventory. Further, the money owed to the company by its debtors follows closely, being the total receivables reported for the period, that they will expect to be paid in the near future. To this end, cash and cash equivalents provide the liquid assets of the company and should have therefore have been outlined last in the balance sheet. The company’s assets are classified based on their liquidity and on whether they provide long term or short-term service to the company. On the aspect of liquidity, it is plausible to note that the least liquid assets have been placed together, including goodwill, long-term investments and deferred tax assets. On the other hand, receivables, which are more liquid are placed in the same class, which details the amounts of cash that the company anticipates to receive from debtors and operating activities of the company. These are items like the prepaid expenses, the deferred tax assets and inventory. Still, in terms of liquidity, it is notable to state that the most liquid assets have been recognized and placed in the same category in the uppermost part of the balance sheet. In terms of the extent of service anticipated, the company’s assets are also classified in terms of whether they provide long-term usefulness or help the company meet its short-term obligations. In t his perspective, it would be important to note that the fixed or non-current assets have been classified in the same way, while the current assets are also placed in the same category. Cash equivalents are a class of assets on the balance sheet, which represent a category of investments on which the company is able to derive term payments, mostly known as interest. This amount of money paid as interest is calculated as a percentage of the money committed as an investment by the company,

International Marketing Master Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Marketing Master - Assignment Example Power mainly holds with Prime Minister. Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of People's Republic of China and it maintains a high degree of autonomy in all matters relating to government and politics except foreign and defense affairs. It is regarded as separate entity though maintained as dependency on certain issues on china. In South Korea the government structure is determined by constitution of republic of Korea. The country has always had a presidential system with a relatively independent chief executive. Law systems in these countries are distinctly different from each other. Japanese law and judicial system is influenced by civil law of Europe and has also the roots of Chinese whereas Hong Kong though now a part of China and have its own autonomy still follows the common law which was established under British colonial law. So if we consider our product of Play station it won't have a big effect if any problems crop up as these countries law system is quite streamlined enough to make its own impact towards the issues. In South Korea taxes are imposed on both national and local level. Taxes like property tax, license tax fall under local tax levels whereas custom duties tax and international tax come under national level. Taxes are imposed both on companies which are global or foreign and national companies. The difference however ranges from the slab rate which is offered to each of them. The following figure shows the corporate Income tax rate for general corporations Corporate Income Tax Rate for General Corporations Previous Revised Tax base Tax rate Tax base Tax rate 80 million 20% (24%) 100 million won or less 20% over 80 million won * Unlisted Large-scale Corp.:33% (39.6-41.25) * Non-Profit Corp.: 27% (32.4-33.5%) * Corp., other than the above: 30% (36-37.5%) over 100 million won 20 million won + 34% of an amount in excess of 100 million won Source: http://www.asiatradehub.com/s.korea/tax1.asp If we look at the Hong Kong economy and business prospects one thing we can gather information from it is that tax system followed. It can be said as most business friendly tax system in the world. The best part is that there are no values added taxes (VAT) or sales tax. Taxes are usually levied on profits, salaries and property. The tax rate when profit tax is considered is 17.5 % for corporations and 16% for other business environments. Similarly property taxes are 16% on the annual rent. If we consider Japan, we can say taxes form two categories. They are National Tax and Local Tax. Under these categories lots of subcategories are present which deal with every type of tax which is imposed in the country. Taxes on all issues like bathing tax, consumer goods tax, and gasoline tax are imposed. The consumption tax rate is 5%.Income tax is applied to foreigner which is way too complicated than we can

BUSINESS FUNCTIONS & PROCESSES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

BUSINESS FUNCTIONS & PROCESSES - Essay Example 57). In some cases, the concept of share price performance has been thought to be another important tool used in assessing the success of a company. However, it is important to understand that the success of a business organisation is often the sum total of all the different business process and functions (Chroneer, Johansson &Malmstrom 2015, p. 95). In this understanding, business managers are supposed to ensure that they create functional teams in their respective organizations in order to harmonize the different efforts to cause a general uniform success and achievement of the business goals and objectives. In many companies and other business organizations, success often means effective performance of the share price or simply general profitability. The process of comparing profitability in the industry among different firms is often aimed at establishing profitable companies in order to undertake the comparison process. However, this approach is not always the best because different companies and business organizations do not particular comparators because the respective business mix lacks similarity (Sedek 2012, p. 509). It goes without mention that in general, the success of the organization’s different organisation is the main point of concern when it comes to assessing the overall success of the firm. It is therefore this kind of understanding that this paper draws its main source of concern, examining the contribution made by the human resource department in its compensation role towards ensuring that the business creates and consolidates on its market share. Baldwin & Wilkinson (2000), explains that in every organisation, effective management of people and resources is an important process that is thought to be the core of its success (57). Whether businesses have the department in charge of people management or not, there will always be a person charged with ensuring that the welfare of staff is

The Restoration of Michelangelos Sistine Chapel Essay

The Restoration of Michelangelos Sistine Chapel - Essay Example Although there had been numerous problems in determining just how to decorate the ceiling of this structure as well as problems in stabilizing this same ceiling, the primary question for many was in whether or not to trust Michelangelo, a sculptor, with something at once so important and so degrading. For while Michelangelo is widely celebrated today for his work on the chapel, ceiling work such as what he was requested to perform was typically the work of lesser artists. Once the details had been ironed out and egos soothed, Michelangelo went to work demonstrating his artistic genius. Original descriptions of the chapel indicated that the paintings were alive with brilliant color, stunning imagery and mastery of technique, but visitors to the chapel in the centuries since have felt the images must have lost some of this vigor. As the previous century discovered, this has indeed been the case as almost 500 years of soot, smoke and pollution have accumulated over the faces of the imag es while the underlying structure has been assaulted by the ravages of decay and erosion. While some hailed this move as a much-needed preservation effort, others argued any attempts at restoration would necessarily destroy the artistry and originality of its creator. The purpose of this document is to explore some of the controversy surrounding the Sistine Chapel, beginning with the problems of its original creation and then jumping forward to the issues involved in attempting to restore such an irreplaceable international treasure, finishing with an analysis of the outcome of the restoration efforts.

Accelerating Sales Force Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accelerating Sales Force - Essay Example Unprofessionally hired, oversized, undersized or uneducated sales forces will cast augmented detrimental effects on any business because the presentation of the product is decisive when it comes to the market penetration and selling. A customer will decide to choose or leave the product based on the analysis of the product within few minutes. This time should be exploited in an optimal way to ensure the sale of the product and this job is done by the sales force. Seemingly, sales force might be considered among the lowest ranks in the organization hierarchies but technically, it is the most important sector in any business or organizational that decides the overall course of proceedings for the business. In order to ensure the success and increase of sales of any business, the sales force must be sized ideally and within the alignment of the organizational norms and standards. The sales force is said to be oversized when the customers see a rush of sales persons around them doing nothing. This is giving the glimpse that the sales people are sitting idle and they have nothing to do in the workplace. The oversized sales force will cause depletion of the economic resources of the organization.... This relationship is depicted in the figure below. It also says that time spent by each sales person on the customer is directly proportional to the profit or sales. (Zoltners,2001) Carryover factor has also a very important role to play. For example a customer comes to buy a product which is of high quality and very expensive. The efforts of sale person at that time will be a deciding factor for the future. If next time the same customer will come and there will be an undersized sales force at the same workplace, not much slashes in the sales will occur because the imprinting effects has been made at the first impression time. Cost containment approach is not good to follow if the company wants to plan long term profitability index increasing plans. For example a profit maximization approach allocating a 14% sales force expense of total sales will be better for a business than downsizing of sales persons. Efficient sizing and increasing of sales force promises profitability to the b usiness. Similarly gradual downsizing and step wise hiring is also harmful to the company because if the company will hire the individuals for the sales force step by step, extra cost will be exhausted in their training session, allowances etc. Increasing and focusing on the sales departments have a key role to play in achieving colossal milestones in the companies. For example if a company wants to achieve a big sales goal for the current year then they should definitely and immediately increase the sales force size (Zoltners et al, 2001). The sales force structures play a paramount role in fulfilling the customer’s needs which in turn produce benefits and strong customer relationships. The

MSc Managerial Finance RESIT ASSIGNMENT JUNE 2013

MSc Managerial Finance RESIT JUNE 2013 - Assignment Example Ratio analysis is considered to be a very accurate and reliable tool when it comes to analyzing and interpret the financial outlook and performance of an entity. The main reason for performing a ratio analysis is to quantify the results of the financial operations of an entity and analyze them in the light of financial performance of the prior year(s) in order to assess different aspects of the financial feasibility. [Peavler, R. (2001)] The financial ratios are usually divided into various sub categories such as profitability, gearing and liquidity, each put emphasis on a different area of the financial outlook of the organization. These analyses form an integral part of the financial statement analysis, especially from the investor’s point of view, which are always looking for avenues to invest in countries having strengthened and stabilized financial ratios and representing an upward trend. It is of great significance that the ratios must be benchmarked against a standard i n order for them to possess a meaning. Keeping that into account, the comparison is usually conducted between companies portraying same business and financial risks, between industries and between different time periods of the same company. [Investopedia.com (2012] The financial ratio performance of The GAME Group Plc has been evaluated for the last three years in order to draw attention to various financial trends and significant changes over the period. The analysis is divided into three main categorize namely Profitability, Liquidity and Gearing. Profitability ratios identify how efficiently and effectively a company is utilizing its resources and how successful it has been in generating a desired rate of return for its shareholders and investors. Liquidity ratios measure the ability of the company to quickly convert its asset into liquid cash to settle its short term liabilities. Whereas, the Gearing ratios identifies the extent to which the company is financed through debt and to what degree the operations are being conducted from the finance raised through raising equity capital or otherwise. For the purpose of financial ratio analysis, the financial year from 2011-2009 has been evaluated in order to analyze the financial outlook of The GAME Group Plc. The information has been extracted from the annual report of the company. Profitability Ratios    2011 2010 2009    Profitability Ratios Gross profit margin 26.30% 27.80% 26.14% Net profit margin 1.75% 5.00% 6.31% ROI 2.33% 9.23% 11.48% ROCE 4.79% 18.24% 29.22% Gross profit margin is an analyzing tool which assists in identifying how effectively and efficiently the company is utilizing its raw materials [1], variable cost related to labor and fixed costs such as rent and depreciation of property plant and equipment. The ratio is calculated by dividing the sales revenue by the gross profit. If we analyze the gross profit margin trend of The GAME Group Plc it appears that there is decline in the percenta ge over the last financial year. The gross profit margin was the lowest in the financial year 2009 when the gross profit

Case study - Complex fluid and electrolyte balance Essay

Case study - Complex fluid and electrolyte balance - Essay Example The symptoms vary from one person to another depending with the underlying cause and they include; fatigue, edema, fluid accumulation, nausea, loss of appetite and weight, abdominal pain, etc. There are several other conditions that are associated with congestive heart failure (Jeffrey & Barry, 2007). Congestive heart failure is diagnosed clinically based on the patients’ medical history. This is important because it could disclose the existence of some of the symptoms or even associated diseases. A physical examination on breath sounds, swelling of the legs or neck is done to determine the presence of excessive body fluid, pulse rate and heart size are also recommended physical exams (Sosin, Bhatia, Lip, & Davies, 2006). Diagnostic tests such as areechocardiogramam (used to show the heart image), and chest X-rays electrocardiogram aare done so as to detect any previous attacks, arrhythmia to show fluid accumulation and heart enlargement (Plantz & Adler, 2002). This condition can be treated through the use of analgesics, inotropic, nitrates, and diuretics. These medications are used to alleviate the symptoms associated with the disease. The ultimate treatment could be a heart transplant which is very risky or a surgery depending on the underlying cause. (Yancy & Firth, 198 8) This is a viral or bacterial airway infection that affects the lungs. Its main symptoms include a hefty cough that comes with, difficulty in breathing, pain in the chest, and thick mucus. Mr. B has all these symptoms and his chest has to be monitored because it could lead to a heart attack. The shortness of breath is brought about by fluid accumulation in the lungs and its surroundings. Chest infections can be life threatening or mild, it is worse when one has a congestive heart failure disease (Choi, Ryter, & Levine, 2013). Mr. B is suffering from sleep apnoea-hypopnoea (snore) as indicated by the breath sounds. It is a disorder mostly associated with

The Colt Revolver Essay Example for Free

The Colt Revolver Essay In the 1870s Colt’s Manufacturing Company was making new models. For example in 1872 the company began to manufacture its first breech-loaded revolver, which used self-contained metallic cartridges. After that between 1873 and 1941, Colt’s Manufacturing Company produced more than 350,000 Single Action Army Revolvers and 40,000 .45 Caliber bullets with it. In 1901 to 1960, the company had only eight presidents. Colt’s Manufacturing Company was faced with usual problems that confronted the company. With the onset of the war in 1942, Colt’s Firearms tripled its workforce to 15,000 employees in three plants. By 1955 the company was losing money and faced a deficit that was growing each month. By September, Colt’s board decided to seek a merger partner. They found Leopold D. Silberstein and his company, the Penn-Texas Corporation. In addition Colt’s Firearms became a wholly owned subsidiary of Silberstein’s holding company. From 1960 to 1994 Colt’s Firearms introduced the AR-15(which is a semiautomatic rifle). Shorter after the AR-15, the company made the M16 (which is a military full-automatic rifle). Changes came again in 1964 when the company reorganized under the name of Colt Industries and the firearms subsidiary became Colt’s Inc., Firearms Division. During the 1970s the company introduced the Sharps Rifle, Sawer Rifle, and the Black powder Reproductions. In addition Colt management also responded to an increasing demand for engraved firearms. In 1986 the company celebrated its 150 anniversary. By 1995 to 2009 Colt’s Firearms exited from a short bankruptcy and then launched a rebirth and rejuvenation. By doing so the company made ne weapons, for example different pistols and rifles that were automatic.

Cricket World Cup Essay Example for Free

Cricket World Cup Essay Professional cricket player. Largely considered crickets greatest batsman, Sachin Tendulkar was born April 24, 1973 in Bombay, India, to a middle-class family, the youngest of four children. His father was a professor while his mother worked for a life insurance company. Named after his familys favorite music director, Sachin Dev Burman, Tendulkar wasnt a particularly gifted student, but hed always shown himself to be a standout athlete. He was 11 years old when he was given his first cricket bat and his talent in the sport was immediately apparent. At the age of 14 he scored 329 out of a world record stand of 664 in a school match. As his accomplishments grew, he became a sort of cult figure among Bombay schoolboys. After high school Tendulkar enrolled at Kirti College, where his father also taught. The fact that he decided to go to the school where his father worked was of no surprise. Tendulkars family is very close and years after hed achieved stardom and cricket fame, he continued to live next door to his parents. Professional Play Tendulkar made his debut in international competition at 16 with a match against Pakistan in Karachi. He wasted little time matching the expectations surrounding his arrival on the professional field. At the age of 18 he scored a pair of centuries in Australia, then in 1994 racked up a score of 179 in a match against the West Indies. FSachin Tendulkar was born April in Bombay India. Given his first cricket gat at the age Tendulkar was just when he became india youngest Test Cricketer. In he became the firtst Cricketer to score centuries runs in a single innig in Test play. In Tendulkar reched another major milestone, becoming the first player to recortd runs in one-day international play. Early Years Professional cricket player . Largely considerd cricket greatest BGatsman, SachimTendulkar was Born April in Bombay, India to a middle class family, the youngest of four children. His fat her was a professor while his mother worked for a life insurance company, named after his family’s bavourite music Director, Sachin Dev Burman, Tendulkar wasn’t a particularly gifted student, but he’d but he’d always shown himself to be a standout athlete. He was years himself to be a old when he was spot was immediately apparent. At the age of he scored out of a world record stand of in a school match. As his accomplishments gewe, he became a sort of cult figure among Baombay schoolboys. After high school Tendulkar enrolled at Kirit College , whre his father also taugh. The fact that he decided to got to the school where his fat her worked ws of no surprise. Tendulkar’s family is very close and years after he’d achieved stardom and cricket fame, he continued to live next door to his parents. Aprofessional Play Tendulkar made his de but in international competition at with a match against Pakistan in Karachi. He was wasted little time matching the expectations surrounding his arrival on the professional field. At the his arrival on the p rofessional field. At the age of he scored a pair of centuries in Australia, then in racked up a score of in a match aginst the West Indies. ? Tendulkar was just 23 when he was named captain of his countrys team for the 1996 World Cup. While the tournament proved to be a disappointment for his club, Tendulkar did nothing to diminish his own standing as one of the worlds dominant players. He finished out the World Cup as the events top scorer. In India, Tendulkars star shined even brighter. In a country reeling from troubled economic times, the young cricketer was seen as a symbol of hope by his countrymen that better times lay ahead. On national newsweekly went so far as to devote an entire issue to the young cricketer, dubbing him The Last Hero for his home country. His style of play—aggressive and inventive—resonated with the sports fans, as did Tendulkars unassuming off the field living. Even with his increasing wealth, Tendulkar showed humility and refused to flaunt his money. Tendulkars dominance of his sport has continued, even as hes moved well into his thirties. He scored his record-breaking 35th century in Test play in December 2005 in a match against Sri Lanka. In June 2007 he set another mark when he became the first player to record 15,000 runs in one-day international play. In January 2010 he again moved into the record books when became the first batsman to score 13,000 runs in Test play. Just one month later he registered another first, a double century in a match against South Africa. That same year he was named the 2010 International Cricket Council Cricketer of the Year. In April 2011 Tendulkar chalked up another milestone when he led India to a World Cup victory, his first in his long career. During the tournament, the batsman again showed why hes one of the sports greatest athletes by becoming the first batsman to score 2,000 runs and six centuries in World How to Cite this Page: Sachin Tendulkar Tendulkar was just when he was named captain of his coutry’s team for the world cup. While the tournament proved to be a di for his club, Tendukar did nothing to diminish his own standing as one of the world’s dominant his own standing as one of the world’s dominant players. He finished out the World Cup as the event’s to p scorer. In India , Tendulkar’s star shined even brighter. In a coutry reeling from troubled economic times , the young cricketer was seen as a symbol of hope by his countrymen that bet ter times lay ahead . On national newsweekly went better times lay ahead. On national newsweekly went so far as to devote and entire issue to the young cricketer dubbing him The Last Hero for his home country His style of play aggressive and inventive resonated with the sport’s fans, as did Tendulkar’s unassuming off the field living Even with his increasing Wealth, Tendulkar showed humility and refused to flaunt his money . Tendulkar’s dominance of his sport has continued, even as he’s moved well into his thirties. He scored his record breaking the century in Test play in December in a match against Sri Lanka. In June he stet another mark when he became the first player to record runs in one day international play  in January he again moved finto the record bookds when became, again moved into the record books when became the first batesman to score runs in Test play. Just one month later he registered another first, a double century in a match against South Aftica. That same year he was named the International Cricket Council Cricketer of the Year. In April Tendulkar Chalked up another Milestone when he led india to a World Cup victory , his first in his long career. Duting the tournament, the batsman again showed why he’s one of the sport’s greatest athletes by becoming the first batsman to sxore runs and six enturies in World Cup play.

Various channels of distribution used for various financial services by the bank of baroda

Various channels of distribution used for various financial services by the bank of baroda The distribution channel (definition) Chains of intermediaries, each passing the product down the chain to the next organization, before it finally reaches the consumer or end-user of the product or services. Now let us study the various channels of distribution which had been used by BOB for its financial services. 1. Distribution through its branches in India (direct channel of distribution) Firstly, the bank provides and distributes its financial services through its various branches set up in all over India with its Corporate Centre at Bandra (East), Mumbai. At all the branches provides all the financial services of the bank i.e. deposit and withdrawal of money, lending loans etc. 2. Structural changes done by bank in order to facilitate the distribution of its financial services Bank opened eight new urban retail loan factories at powai, Mumbai, Agra, bareilly, Bhopal, nagpur, ernakulam, jodhpur and last at noida ( thus total URLFs rising to 23) in order to strengthen the Retail Credit Delivery System. Gen-Next Branches- total five two Gen-next branches were opened till 2009. These Branches are equipped with modern gadgets, ambience and all other facilities, which a youth requires in todays modern era Memorandums of understanding were signed in order to provide and boost auto loan with number of car manufacturing companys viz. Maruti Suzuki India Ltd, Tata Motors Ltd, Hyundai Motors India Ltd and Mahindra Mahindra Ltd. during the year 2008-09. Bank has done Tie-up with M/s Kotak Mahindra Old Mutual Life Insurance Ltd for providing Life Insurance Cover to Education Loan borrowers and Home Loan borrowers sanctioned under a special package. Bank has also started to provide online Home Loan application facility , which is also another added distribution method to increase the banks reach. Lastly, providing the brick and mortar channels closer to the customer 3. Wealth Management Services Bank has initiated Wealth Management Services to provide its High Net worth (HNI) and affluent customers as its customer centric measures; a total financial solution at one place. Bank has initiated Wealth Management Services to provide its High Net worth (HNI) and affluent customers as its customer centric measures; a total financial solution at one place. The tie-up partners in these products are HDFC Standard Life Insurance Co. Ltd. in Life Insurance, National Insurance Company Ltd. in General Insurance, India Infoline Ltd. in e-trading and six leading Asset Management Companies including our joint venture Baroda Pioneer Asset Management Co. Ltd. in Mutual Fund products. 4. SME loan factory To cover the SME Sector, the Bank has launched a special and novel delivery model, viz. SME Loan Factory, which is presently functioning in 34 centers of the Bank and is well accepted in the market. The SME Loan Factory is an innovative model for streamlining processes and for timely sanctions of SME loan proposals. The model comprises of the Central Processing Cell for speedy appraisal and sanctioning of proposals within the stipulated deadline. A team of Relationship Managers stationed at different branches of the Bank spread over micro segments of the city reaches out to customers to facilitate completion of pre-sanction formalities in a hassle free manner. The Relationship Managers would also be marketing, not only various SME products of the Bank, but also other products and services including the Third Party products like Life Insurance, Mutual Funds, Equity Trading etc. The Bank has SME Loan Factories at all major business canters across the country(total 34), viz. Agra, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Baroda, Bhilwara, Bhubhaneshwar, Bulsar, Chennai, Coimbatore, Dehradun, two factories in Delhi, Hyderabad, Indore, Jaipur, Jamshedpur, Jamnagar, Jodhpur, Kanpur, Kolhapur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Ludhaina, three factories in Mumbai, Nagpur, Nashik, Noida, Pune, Rajkot, Raipur, Surat, Vishakhapatnam. The Bank has planned to establish six more SME Loan Factories during the year 2009-10 to increase its reach further to SME business. 5. Baroda Connect and ATMS services Baroda Connect is an internet banking facility introduced as an alternative delivery channel for rendering effective customer service on 24 X 7 bases. It offers unique customized services to both Retail Corporate customers. BoB has undertaken technology initiatives in order to improve its customer service levels and provide new distribution channels to counter stiff competition, especially in the metro and urban centers, that account for a bulk of the business for banks. The bank has retained the Gartner Group as its technology consultant for the same. The major technology initiatives include implementation of a Core Banking Solution, networking its branches to offer Anywhere Banking. Bank of Barodahad set up an extensive network of3127 branches(including 26 extension counters) spanning the length and breadth of the country. There is a branch in the vicinity of everyone in need of a banking solution. All customers can register under Baroda Connect for View and / or Transaction facility Can see their Account summary of all operative, deposit and loan accounts and can get Account statements. Under Transaction facility customer can (in addition to the above VIEW facilities) can transfer funds immediately or schedule for a future date to self linked and third party, can pay through Online Tax Direct and Indirect taxes online such as Excise Duty, Service Tax, Customs Duty, Income Tax etc. Bank customers can also Pay through Baroda Easy Pay utility bills like electricity, mobile etc, Donations, Subscription, Travel plan booking online and booking of the Rail Ticket IRCTC Baroda Connect facility provided by the bank is free of cost. 6. Baroda Mobile Banking Banks latest initiatives which enable its customers to operate their account just like they would do in any bank branch. Bank customers can check their account balance, request for chequebooks and can transfer funds etc. through their mobiles. Thus, it also plays a vital role in distribution channels of the bank to provide its financial services. 24-hour ATMs enable its customers to withdraw cash, check account balance and request for a new chequebooks even after banking hours. 7. Financing Agencies Providing Custom Services To Farmers Agriculture being the backbone of the Indian Economy, Bank of Baroda has contributed significantly in accelerating the pace of rural development by providing finance to farmer. Bank finance to all individuals, entrepreneurs, organizations, institutions corporations such as agro industries corporations, market yard or authorized licensee in market yard, warehouse panchayats and agro service centers who are capable of carrying out such activities and have viable schemes for providing custom services to farmers. The mode of finance covers activities of for purchase oftractor, bulldozer, drill rig for boring wells, drilling tube wells, equipment for construction of wells, lift irrigation, purchase of combine harvester, thresher for hiring on custom basis, construction of godown, warehouse to provide storage facility on rental basis, purchase of truck for transporting agriculture produces to farmer on hiring basis, acquiring milk tankers for transporting milk, establishing curing barn for tobacco, working capital finance to organization/ institution providing such services etc.

Reality and Experience in Young Goodman Brown Essay examples -- Litera

In reading Nathaniel Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown, many issues come up that arouse interest in topics of knowledge, evil, reality, amongst other things. During my experience reading this text, how Goodman Brown's outlook changed based on information revealed to him that may not even be the "reality" of the people he knows was fascinating. That knowledge gained outside traditional and physical realms can affect the mind and the perception of the world is a fascinating subject. I also found this interesting in conjunction with some of the concepts of literary critics we reviewed this week, as the question of what literature is and what it should do becomes important in the discussion of what happens to Goodman Brown, but subsequently what happens to the reader of his story. To begin, the introduction to Goodman Brown begins with introducing characters that seem to exemplify youthfulness, earnestness, and innocence. Interactions between Goodman and Faith, such as the "parting kiss" (Hawthorne 239), and even the description of Faith, whose cap contains pink ribbons that the wind plays with contains a sense of whimsy and playfulness that sets the reader up thinking of the young couple in positive terms. However, Goodman changes this quickly with his discussion of leaving, as well as his parting. At this point, we see the conflict within the characterization of Goodman Brown emerge, referring to himself as "a wretch...to leave her on such an errand" (239), a contrast to the initial idea presented of him. This is the beginning of what interested me so much, as the appearance of Goodman Brown was presented ambiguously and painted to be "good" by his interactions with Faith, who was described in a bit more detail. The same can be sa... ...or they were representations within an offshoot of "reality" within his own mind based on his experiences in the world. Furthering this, the reader has the same experience with the fictitious world of Goodman Brown, as even though it is a work of fiction, it is grounded in reality based on its ideas alone. All in all, I found the exploration of reality in Young Goodman Brown to be pivotal in its own right, as the function of "reality" and what defines it in literature and its effect not only depends on the author and the content of the work itself. Instead, the transactional nature of art requires a meshing of ideals and experiences to come together to create meaning independent of a single idea or concept. Works Cited Bressler, Charles E. Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. 5th ed. New York: Longman, 2011. Print. .

The Life of Oscar Wilde Essay -- Biographies

The Life of Oscar Wilde The year is 1884 and many things have taken place in the life of our literary giant, Oscar Wilde has been married years and his touring of the United States and other countries have shown his of success in his writing all over the literary world. Some of his most recent writtings are "The Picture of Dorian Gray"(1891), "A Woman of No Importance"(1894) and his most resent essay known as "The Decay of Lying" is Oscar’s story of his outrage about the current style of writing that is going into the art society. What has happened to the spectacularness of this art, it has come down to being as horrid as what is being published in the local newspapers. Is it true that " The Decay of Lying" has fallen to its deepest shadow of shame? It seems that in the words of Oscar Wilde, that is the shameful truth. How could this type of atrocity take place. It seems that the Victorian society in still under the belief that the Romanticism of life is still coursing through their veins, dead veins to be more specific. Wilde's views romanticism as a crude, childish and yet passive thing of the past and that it should remain there in the past. The romantics ideas of nature and realism need to be brought up-to-date. Wilde has criticized the likes of as Wordsworth and other writers of the Romantic Era, they would send us out to nature and say "The solutions to societies problems and can best be remedied out here, within the confines of nature, this is where you need to be. Walking, talking, being out in the great airy open and embrace what nature has to offer. Only here can you expect to amend and resolve any personal and troublesome problems." Wilde's interpretation of this remedy: outlandish, extreme and insane, society has e... ...t about a man, his character, morals and beliefs as a whole. At this moment, Jack becomes distressed about this problem his lady love had let him know that she could never marry a man that has the name other than Earnest. As a result of this occurrence our main character find that he must be christen with the name of Earnest in order for Gwendolyn to consider him as a husband. This situation is one of many that Wilde has created as a form of lying. When this play was first, performed and seen, people were outraged at this type of story. Wilde continues to explain in more plays, poems and other forms of writing that his plays and other forms of writing are just to be observed as entertainment. His goal was not to be a moralist and instill morals for the masses. That was the furthest thing from his mind, Wilde intent is to create art that is for what it is Art’s sake.

The Party from Hell :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My birthday fell on the 21st of July, but it was only the 18th. My parents were out of town, so this had to be the weekend I threw a huge birthday bash. I made up flyers, 50 of them, and my neighbors didn’t seem to mind too much, so things seemed to be set. I took the 16th and 17th off of work so I could get anything of value safely locked away in secured rooms. I hoped that things would work out well and nothing would go wrong. I made sure that the flyers were only handed out to the people that I actually wanted there, in efforts to keep away the â€Å"trouble makers†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The day of the party was finally here, and I spent it setting up my very expensive stereo system so that no one could break it. Everything seemed to be in place and the people started rolling in. Things were going great. People were dancing and playing pool and just having a good time. There were a few people over by the snack bar eating their hearts out, and that is where the first signs of trouble caught my eye. I noticed a couple of people sneaking drinks. This was exactly what I had tried to prevent. In my past experience, whenever there was alcohol at a party, bad things happened. I didn’t want to spoil the fun people were having so I decided as long as it was contained to those few people, nothing would go wrong. As the night continued, things only seemed to get better. My friends were there and we were having a great time. No one had complained about the noise, and the drinking had kept itself to those few people, or so I thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A couple of hours after I noticed the alcohol, I spotted a crowd around one of the bathrooms. Apparently there was a girl in there, throwing up. As I began to walk over, she pushed through the crowd, completely out of control. I didn’t know how to react; it seemed like anything anyone did just made her more upset. She was screaming that she needed to go outside, so we let her out onto the back porch. I tried to calm her down, along with about five of my other friends, but nothing seemed to work. She began running down the street yelling that we were trying to attack her.

Numerous genetic and environmental factors contribute

Oldest sisters or baby brothers are more than simple labels on the family tree. Psychologists say that birth order affects all aspects of a child's personality. Birth order is defined as a person's rank by age among his or her brothers and sisters. A great deal of research has been devoted to the phenomena of birth order and how it impacts children within a family. Many differences in the behavior of siblings have been attributed to birth order.â€Å"Such differences range from general expressions of achievement to more specific behaviors including tendencies toward entrepreneurship, attainment of higher education and eminent occupational status, endorsement of unconventional ideas, and leadership of scientific revolutions, to name only a few. (Claxton, 1994) Birth order is not alone in the development of children’s personality traits. Numerous genetic and environmental factors contribute to differences among siblings.The different socialization patterns that children experie nce, based on birth order, can result in overt personality and behavior trait differences between firstborns and later-borns. (Claxton, 1994) Studies have related birth order to personality, intelligence, and vocational tendencies. Firstborns tend to be socialized by adults, where later-borns, have progressively more opportunity to be exposed to the socializing influences of older siblings. Adult-socialized firstborns are sometimes assumed to be more achievement oriented.Later-borns, experiencing a greater proportion of socialization are often characterized as more popular, more accepting of risk, and more independent of authority than firstborns. Such socialization differentials suggest qualitative differences between firstborns and later-borns in terms of behavioral and personality characteristics. (Claxton, 1994) Firstborns have a greater tendency than later-borns to be conformist and oriented toward authority and responsibility. As a special type of firstborn, only children tend to be highly motivated, self-confident, and achievement oriented.Only children are believed to be more accustomed to dealing with adults than are other birth positions. In contrast to firstborns, middle-borns have been generally described in terms of relatively greater orientation toward peers, group cooperation, and other social activities. The middle birth positions are often considered the most difficult, in part because middle-borns may receive less individual attention from parents. (Seff, 1993) Middle children may compensate by developing many non-parental relationships.Middle-borns often have excellent people skills and are good listeners, mediators, and negotiators, perhaps because they must navigate through a world of siblings who are both older and younger. A family's last born child is often believed to be favored by parents. Last-borns have been characterized as being especially vivacious and fun. (Claxton, 1994) Children in different ordinal positions experience differ ent socialization environments. Interaction with both parents and other siblings is affected by one's position in the sibling order.Firstborns tend to receive more parental attention, in terms of both support and control. They are also more likely to be given responsibility and control over younger siblings and to have higher expectations associated with their own performance. Children who report that they spent time teaching younger siblings had higher levels of reading and language achievement themselves. Such socialization experiences are the basis for the expectation or the perception that firstborns are more dependable, responsible, cautious, conservative, and have higher achievement motivation than later born children. (Parrot, 1992)The distinctive feature of the position of younger children in the birth order is that they are subject to more child-level interaction and are typically subordinate to the oldest child. Younger children (with the possible exception of the last bor n) receive less attention from parents, less encouragement, less responsibility, and lower expectations and have a harder time carving out a distinct niche for themselves in the family system. These tendencies are, of course, attenuated by a number of factors, including the number of siblings, the sex composition of the sibling order, and the spacing between positions.(Carter, et. al. , 2002) Firstborns may become conservative in their outlooks. Later-born children develop strategies of survival that may entail risk-taking and daring behavior. These differences in competitive strategies can generate personality differences across birth orders, and have lifelong implications. (Carter, et. al. , 2002) Part of the unique family environment is birth order. Although genetically related, siblings differ in age, experience, and in reproductive value to their parents. Differences between siblings growing up together can be magnified by contrast effects.First-borns tend to be more extraverte d and conscientious but less emotionally stable, agreeable, or open than are later-borns. (Revelle, 1995) Some variables are believed to affect the above descriptions. For instance, if there are several years between the first and second child, the second child will have some characteristics of a firstborn. Or, if the firstborn is a girl and the second a boy, the son will have some first-born characteristics because he is the family's first male offspring. Further, if there are more than four years between siblings, the next born takes on the traits of the oldest or first born.Sibling deaths, adoptions and blended families can also upset the traditional birth order. (Revelle, 1995) Studies have shown that while first-borns males may be more creative, the opposite is true for females, with later-borns being the highest in creativity. Test scores demonstrate that the highest creativity are found among first born males and later born females. According to Eisenman, it may be that first -born males receive greater intellectual stimulation in their family and this predisposes them to be high in achievement and creativity.While the first-born female may receive the same sort of intellectual stimulation, she may be restricted by both her birth order and gender. It is believed that that parents tend to be more restrictive toward their first child, and toward females in general. The first-born female may be exposed to a higher level of parental anxiety and also more restrictive parenting styles, because of being female. This is thought to inhibit creativity in first-born females and reduce the risk taking behavior often associated with creativity.â€Å"The first born male would also be inhibited somewhat by the overly strong parental concern, but overcomes this as far as creativity is concerned, perhaps due to the greater intellectual emphasis the first born male gets, as a child having only adult companionship in the family, until the birth of the second child. † (Boling, et. al. , 1993) Parents may be more aggressive with their approach to the first male child to achieve intellectually and academically. The first-born female seems to be over-socialized by parents, in response to their fear for the welfare of the female child.As a family grows, parents typically loosen up some of their controls, on both male and female children. The first-born female learns responsibility, usually in socially typical roles, having to care for her younger siblings. She may achieve well in intellectual and academic pursuits. But, the over-socialization may make her less likely than later born females to take risk, and thus may decrease creativity in the first-born female. (Eisenman, 2001) Birth order has been shown to have an effect on vocational tendencies as well.Firstborns' are shown to that require mechanical, technical, clerical or business system competencies, or toward positions that require leadership or persuasive skills. They may value economic and political achievement, their own as well as that of others. Firstborns are less likely to seek occupations which promote artistic, musical, dramatic, and literary interests, or involve a high degree of human and interpersonal relations activities. The later-borns gravitate towards vocation that are investigative, social, and artistic.â€Å"They would gravitate toward occupations that would utilize their scientific and mathematical abilities, promote their artistic, musical, dramatic, or literary interests, or involve interpersonal and human relations activities. Further, they are less apt to value political and economic achievements and more apt to value scientific, social, and artistic achievements. † (Lynch, 1980) Kevin Leman, author of The New Birth Order, notes in his book that 23 of America's 41 presidents were first-born or â€Å"functional first-born,† meaning the first male child.So were 21 of the first 23 astronauts the United States sent into space (the othe r two were only children). A much greater proportion of first-born end up in professions such as science, medicine and law, occupations that require analytical skills and hard-driving personalities. He also notes that an unusual number of comedians – such as Billy Crystal, Eddie Murphy, Drew Carey, Martin Short, Jim Carrey and Leslie Nielsen – are babies of their families, â€Å"funny people who got away with murder as kids,† he says. (Stewart, 1999) There are some theorists who propose that as families have gotten smaller, test scoreshave risen, because the intellect is higher. â€Å"SAT scores will continue to rise for the rest of the century. When today's 4-year-olds take the SAT 14 years from now, the average score will be even higher than it was in 1963 when the 40-point decline began. But then scores will probably begin to drop again. You see, after 1980, the birth rate began to rise and family size seems to be increasing. † (Hall, 1986) This belief is based upon confluence theory, proposing that because the intellectual development of a family is like a river with the inputs of each family memberflowing into it. Tests, which indicate intelligence, are dependent heavily on verbal ability. Then imagine the intellectual environment as providing a pool of words to the growing child. Adults contribute a large vocabulary to the pool and babies contribute nothing. The pool of words surrounding the only child at age 5 is different from the pool surrounding the second-born child of the same age who has a 7-year-old sibling. As families get larger, children's intellectual development suffers, and the effect is accentuated by birth order, the more older siblings aperson has, the lower his or her intellectual level because of the decrease within the family intellectual environment. (Hall, 1986) There are many additional factors that can influence intelligence. If there are higher numbers of adults present in a child’s daily life, as in an extended family, this may have an impact on verbal ability as well. Works Cited Claxton, R. P. (1994). Empirical Relationships between Birth Order and Two Types of Parental Feedback. The Psychological Record, 44(4), 475+. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Questia database: http://questia. com/PM. qst?a=o&d=5001709131 Hall, E. (1986, February). Mining New Gold from Old Research; He Reworks Past Discoveries, Looking for Basic Behavioral Processes That Are as Fundamental as Biological Processes. Psychology Today, 20, 46+. Retrieved December 11, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5001684098 Parrott, L. (1992). Earliest Recollections and Birth Order: Two Adlerian Exercises. Teaching of Psychology, 19(1), 40-42. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Questia database: http://questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=77521729 Revelle, W. (1995). Personality Processes. 295+.Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Questia database: http://questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5000271 333 Seff, M. A. , Gecas, V. , & Frey, J. H. (1993). Birth Order, Self-Concept, and Participation in Dangerous Sports. Journal of Psychology, 127(2), 221-232. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Questia database: http://questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=76932964 Steelman, L. C. , Powell, B. , Werum, R. , & Carter, S. (2002). Reconsidering the Effects of Sibling Configuration: Recent Advances and Challenges. 243+. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Questia database: http://questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5000598111Stewart, M. (1999, December 7). Order of Birth: Are Our Children Predestined to Be Serious First-Borns, Loyal Middles and Affectionate Babies. The Washington Times, p. 1. Retrieved December 11, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5001846400 Boling, S. E. , Boling, J. L. , & Eisenman, R. (1993). Creativity and Birth Order/sex Differences in Children. Education, 114(2), 224+. Retrieved December 11, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. q st? a=o&d=5000254689 Eisenman, R. (2001). Creativity, Risk Taking Sex Differences, and Birth Order.189+. Retrieved December 11, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5000944906 Lynch, R. M. , & Lynch, J. (1980). Birth Order and Vocational Preference. Journal of Experimental Education, 49(1), 15-18. Retrieved December 11, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=95189117 Newman, J. , Pettinger, J. , & Evan, J. B. (1995). â€Å"My Big Sister the Town Supervisor†: Family Leadership Training Is Not Just for Boys. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 33(1-2), 121+. Retrieved December 11, 2006, from Questia database:

Education System in Pakistan Essay

The study governing body in Pakistan is generally divided into tail fin trains- 1) primordial (Grades one to Grade 5) 2) ticker (Grades six to Grade 8) 3) superior (Grade niner to Grade 10) as well cognise as subsidiary 4) modal(a) (Grade eleven to 12) Also known as higher(prenominal) collateral 5) University (Undergraduate and Graduate degree) (14 to 16 Years of teaching method) 1) Primary take aim of educational activity The standard topic system of education is mainly inspired from the British System. Pre-School education is designed for 3-5 days old and normally consists of collar stages (Play Group, glasshouse and Kindergarten (KG)). later pre- develop education, students go through secondary school from stigmatize 1 to 5. except 80% of Pakistani children finish prime school education. 2) Middle direct of reproduction After vent grade 5 Examination which is conducted by the Punjab Examination burster Lahore, students atomic minute 18 promoted in to Middle take ie grade 6 to 8. At middle train single-sex education is usually preferred by the community unless co-education is in addition common in urban cities of the Pakistan.Subject Taught at Middle Level of Education At middle take of education the eight commonly examined subjects argon Urdu, English, Mathematics, Arts, knowledge, Social Studies, Islamiyat and sometime Computer Studies. just about institutes also give instruction in foreign languages much(prenominal) as Turkish, Arabic, Persian, cut and Chinese. The language of instruction depends on the nature of the institution itself, whether it is an English medium school or an Urdu medium School. 3) High/ subaltern Level of EducationAfter passing grade 8 Examination which is conducted by the Punjab Examination Commission Lahore, Students argon promoted to High/Secondary Level ie grade 9 to 10 which is also known Secondary School Certificate (SSC). Students ar unavoidable to pass a field of battlefield examin ation administered by a regional Board of liaise & Secondary Education (BISE). Upon successful cessation of these two examination, they are awarded a SSC Certificate. This locally known as Matriculation. Subject Taught at Secondary Level of EducationThe curriculum usually includes a combination of eight courses including elective course subject such(prenominal) as (Biology, Chemistry, physical science and Computer) as well as unequivocal subject such as (Mathematics, English, Urdu, Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies). 4) Intermediate/Higher Secondary Level of Education The students are promoted to grade 11 aft(prenominal) passing of grade 10. Upon successful ending of grade 11 and grade 12 Examination by the BISE, students are awarded the Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSSC). This level of education is also called the FSc/FA or Intermediate. in that location are many groups that students rotter choose for their 11 and 12 grades, such as pre-medical, pre-engineering, humani ties and commerce. Subject Taught at Intermediate/Higher Secondary Level of Education At Intermediate level each group consists of three elective and as well as three compulsory subject of English, Urdu, Islamiyat(grade 11 only) and Pakistan Studies (Grade 12 only). 6)University Level of Education (Undergraduate and Graduate degree) After earning HSSC (Higher Secondary School Certificate), students may knowledge in a professional college/University for lives degree courses such as engineering (B.Engg/BS Engg), medicine (MBBS), dentistry (BDS), veterinary medicine (DVM), law (LLB), architecture (B. Arch), pharmacy (Pharm-D) and treat (B. Nurs).These courses require foursome or five years of study. There are some councils and boards that will get by all the educational matters in these cases and they are known as the PMDC, Pakistan pharmacy council and Pakistan nursing council. Students can also attend a university for knight bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (B. Sc), Bachelor of Commerce (B. Com).At university level there are two types of Bachelor courses in Pakistan sweep over or Honors. Pass degree requires two years of study and students normally read three nonmandatory subjects (such as Chemistry or Economics) in addition to al nigh equal number of compulsory subject such as English and Pakistan Studies. Honours degree required three or four years of study, and students normally specialize in a chosen field of study such as Microbiology (BS Hons. Microbiology). After successful completion of B. A,B.Sc, students enrolled in Master degree political program that require 2 years education to get the Master degree. Masters in Philosophy (M. Phil) is available in most of the subject and can be undertaken subsequently doing Masters. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) education is also available in selected areas and is usually act after earning a M. Phil degree. Students pursuing M. Phil or PhD degree must choose a specific field and a university that is doing investigate work in that filed. M. Phil and PhD education in Pakistan requires minimum of 2 years of study. Dr. Qaisar Abbas Janjua M. A (Education).